Perched on the north-west tip of the Solomon Islands archipelago, Bougainville forms part of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) easternmost border region. Bernstein, H. (2000) ‘“The Peasantry” in Global Capitalism: Who, Where and Why?’, in Panitch, L. and Leys, C. Loyalist paramilitaries on Bougainvilleans were supplied with weapons and money by the national government. (Fighters of the … Bougainville Revolutionary Army, Communiqué, 29 November 1989. Extra-judicial killings, forced displacement, the internment of civilians, and the denial of humanitarian aid, were just some of the egregious tactics employed by the military. CLAIMS that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of the copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion. Having marshalled 500 PNGDF troops, 300 RPNGC mobile squad officers, and 100 Correctional Service officers, Colonel Nuia implements a major military offensive in January 1990 in a last ditch effort to nuetralise the rebels and reopen the mine (by this stage BCL’s cash reserves were seriously depleted). The Papua New Guinea Defence Force: Vanuatu (1980) to Bougainville (1990), Unpublished PhD, Canberra: Australian National University. ‘The Politics of the Panguna Landowners’ Association’, in May, R. J. and Spriggs, M. Aware that something significant was being planned, BCL’s Managing Director, Robert Cornelius, relayed his concerns to the company’s Chairman, ahead of a meeting with the PNG government. The BRA responded to the government’s divide and conquer tactics, by formally adding secession to their political agenda. They must sort out their own civil war based problems first. Both Rabbie Namaliu (Prime Minister 1988-1992) and Michael Somare (Foreign Minister 1988-1992), for example, maintained senior roles in government, despite their support for the blockade and their failure to stop or even acknowledge the PNGDF’s war crimes (indeed Rabbie Namaliu is currently on BCL's Board of Directors). Available online. No senior official from Australia or PNG has been formally censured, let aloneMore Canberra: ANU E Press. Sadly, no one has ever been charged or tried for the war crimes committed on Bougainville. A loyalist leader, Thomas Anis, claimed “we are fighting a civil war which involves arms, violence and psychological struggle for power – a warfare in which only the fittest will survive” (Post-Courier, 07/01/1991). That said, a new generation of activists in Bougainville are beginning to resist the mine’s reopening, though they face stiff opposition from the Autonomous Bougainville Government and pro-mining landowners. ‘Winning Hearts and Mines: The Bougainville Crisis, 1988-90’, in Jackson, R., Murphy, E., and Poynting, S. Bougainville remains part of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and has four elected representatives in the PNG national parliament. (eds.) Expecting a sympathetic ear, Cornelius was shocked to discover that the government in fact blamed BCL for the recent disturbances on Bougainville. The Bougainville Crisis, Bathurst: Crawford House Press. According to Rogers (2002: 238) Colonel Nuia “was a hardliner with little sympathy for the secessionists”. (eds.) Bougainville – Blood on our Hands: Australia’s Role in PNG’s War. Consequently during February 1990 BCL hastily abandoned Bougainville. In order to press home this customary power, clan groups in the Bougainville mine area organised themselves through the Panguna Landowners Association (PLA). In the following case study you will be exposed to the calculations, relations, and decisions that led two democratic states and a major multinational mining corporation, to organise a systematic campaign of state violence that terrorised the residents of Bougainville for almost a decade. Bougainville is a semi-autonomous, resource-rich region of PNG with its own administration, but dependent on the national government for most of its income. You have to go” (Personal Communication, 2006). Many are against the controversial idea, but Australian-based campaigner Vikki John from the Bougainville Freedom Movement, said there were issues with getting their message out. I am sure that that lesson is being learnt by the Bougainvilleans” (National Parliament of PNG, Record of Proceedings, 11 July, 1989). The Bougainville Crisis: 1991 Update. (2000) Greed and Grievance in Civil War, Washington, DC: World Bank. The discovery of vast copper ore deposits in Bougainville's Crown Prince Range in 1969 led to the establishment of a huge copper mine by the Australian company Conzinc Rio Tinto. Between 1980 and 1987 the PLA helped landowners to increase their share of the benefits being generated by the mine (see Okole 1990). In the latter event, the BRA’s opposition could be militarised and used as an ‘indigenous’ pro-government paramilitary (i.e. Lasslett, K. (2009). In response, company executives adamantly denied complicity. However, the BRA’s leadership was adamant, any permanent solution to the conflict would require: 1) The withdrawal of the government’s security forces from Bougainville; 2) The permanent closure of the mine; and 3) The holding of a referendum to decide the question of independence. I don’t know what I’d do without my weekly brain food. As a result, in late March the mobile squads were instructed by the national government to restore order, with assistance from the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). The beachhead was secured on November 13. The Police Minister later boasted to parliament “bones rattled on the island” (National Parliament of PNG, Record of Proceedings, 14 March, 1990). Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. (ed.) The Bougainville Crisis, Bathurst: Crawford House Press. Il colonise l'archipel des Malouines (1763), qu'il remets aux Espagnols à la demande de Louis XV en 1765. Modules . Accounting for Violence in Developing Countries, London: Hurst & Company. Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro. June 24, 2015 June 24, 2015 jwh1975 3 Comments. (2004) State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years, Canberra: ANU E Press. There are also reports that the Solomon Islands was again attacked the day before the Bougainville landing. Bougainville: Perspectives on a Crisis, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. These parties include: Bougainville Interim Government (BIG) Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) Papua New Guinea Government Forces The Pro-Government Resistance Australian … (2007), ‘The Dynamics of Papua New Guinea’s Democracy: An Essay’, Pacific Economic Bulletin, 22/1: 135–157. Under this agreement the rebels permitted the North Solomons to resume its constitutional status as a province of PNG in return for greater autonomy, and an option for a referendum to be held over independence within ten to fifteen years. For the Australian government, the Bougainville crisis raised a number of concerns (see Lasslett 2012). The Bougainville Interim Government says that the Papua New Guinea Defence Force has begun to commit atrocities following the landing of troops in southern Bougainville's Siwai district on May 9. To meet the shortfall, the PNGDF turned to BCL and Australia for assistance. In PNG the state owns sub-surface minerals. Spriggs (1992: 13) observes the military blockade “was total, including a blockade on any medical supplies, and was therefore tighter than that placed around Saddam Hussein’s Iraq”. Ogan, E. (1990). However, in August 1987, a new PLA executive was elected. Unsatisfied with BCL’s legalistic approach, the PLA set up a road-block on 16 May 1988, which prevented the mine from operating for several hours. HAKO, Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea – In the northern coastal villages of Hako Constituency on Buka Island, in Papua New Guinea’s eastern autonomous region of Bougainville, life … Hilson, C. J. Without the Prime Minister’s consent, the Police Commissioner ordered the mobile squads to arrest PLA leaders, a move which violated an amnesty that had been granted to landowners by the national government. Denoon, D., and Spriggs, M. Consequently, BCL refused to meet the PLA’s demands, and instead affirmed their commitment to meeting the company’s existing obligations as set out under the Bougainville Copper Agreement. Arnson, C. J. and Zartman, I. W. (2005) Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed and Greed, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. A senior PNGDF officer recalls: “We were not trained, we were not prepared, both in training and in our modus operandi. The Eyewitness Testimony of Marilyn Part 1, The Eyewitness Testimony of Marilyn Part 2. Moreover, a number of influential Ministers genuinely believed that the campaign of sabotage was a cry for help by landowners. Case Study published 2012. Ona, F. (1990) ‘Declaration of Independence – Republic of Bougainville’, in Polomka, P. Sydney: AID/WATCH. “You know, we gave them everything, because as a far as we saw it we were hoping that they were going to solve the situation, so we could start operating again. Namaliu is hardly an uncompromised source. The Bougainville Civil War, also known as the Bougainville Conflict, was an armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 between Papua New Guinea and the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), who were fighting for independence. The referendum was part of a ceasefire agreement that ended a brutal decade-long civil war in 1998, which was followed by the 2001 signing of the Bougainville Peace Agreement. Tanis, J. Origins of the Bougainville Conflict is an excerpt from the two-part documentary Paradise Imperfect made in 2000.. Paradise Imperfect In 2000 the ABC’s Pacific Correspondent Sean Dorney travelled to the war zones of Bougainville to look at the impact of the nine year secessionist conflict and the … Additionally landowners and politicians were assaulted, a prominent landowner’s wife was raped, and those left homeless by the destruction were placed in internment camps (called ‘care centres’ by the PNG government) where they were denied access to any outside visitors. Photo by Francis O'Neill, via eco-action.org. En 1756, il fait partie de l'expédition au Canada sous les ordres de Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. Socialist Register 2000: Working Classes Global Realities, London: Merlin. Gillespie, R. (1996). (1990). I am requesting information you may possess on any suspected war crimes or war time atrocities committed by any and all parties to the Bougainville Civil War (1988-1998) or during the subsequent peace process. Full text of "Universal Periodic Review: Bougainville Civil Society Shadow Report" See other formats TO: civilsocietyunit@ohchr.org CC: Christina.saunders@ohchr.org UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW on PapUO New Guinea BOUGAINVILLE CIVIL SOCIETY STAKEHOLDER REPORT TO OHCHR 1. Ballentine, K. and Sherman, J. When will leaders lead and stop Black deaths in custody? The Wingti government, however, was toppled by a vote of no confidence in July 1988 before any progress could be made. The peace agreement signed in 2001 in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG), ended the most violent conflict in the South Pacific since World War Two. Then deal with the other issues (BCL, PNG, etc) in their own priority, in their own way in their own time. As a result, they instructed a PNGDF officer, Leo Nuia, to prepare the PNGDF for a decisive assault on BRA strongholds. British-Australian mining giant Rio Tinto is seriously contemplating reopening its Bougainville copper and gold mine, Reuters reported on February 7. Assisted by moderate leaders on all sides, Bougainville’s burgeoning civil society was able to slowly develop a framework for peace. Okole, H. (1990). (eds.) Cramer, C. (2006), Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing. I am sure they are attracting a degree of community support from war-weary Bougainvilleans looking to rebuild their shattered island. Freecall now on 1800 634 206 or follow the support link below to make a secure supporter payment or donation online. Assisted by moderate leaders on all sides, Bougainville’s burgeoning civil society was able to slowly develop a framework for peace. Led by Francis Ona and Perpetua Serero, this executive had a radical political agenda. With revenues from the mine grinding to a halt, and PNG’s international investment reputation at risk, two new Ministers entered cabinet with a strategy for resolving the situation. ‘Ecocide, Industrial Chemical Contamination and the Corporate Profit Imperative: The Case of Bougainville’, Social Justice, 23(4), 109–125. Sharp, N. (1997). (2006) State-Corporate Crime: Wrongdoing at the Intersection of Business and Government, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutdgers University Press. Both organisations provided considerable assistance. A bloody civil war ensued, which took up to 20,000 lives on an island of 175,000 people. At 3:30pm on 22 November 1988, three hooded men armed with axes and knives forced their way into the BCL explosives magazine, and removed a considerable quantity of boosters, detonating cords, delays, and detonators. London: Routledge. For $10 per month get the above and the print edition delivered to your door. A peace agreement resulted in the creation of the Autonomous Bougainville Government. Rio Tinto stands accused of being complicit in these atrocities. Much to the PLA’s disbelief, the inquiry concluded that “BCL has done good work” (BCL 1988). (2000) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, Boulder: Lynne Reinner. ‘Perspectives on a Crisis (5)’, in Polomka, P. As the crisis unfolded the national government chose to deploy the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) in an effort to reopen the mine and suppress the landowner movement. It was no longer a land compensation issue nor a tribal conflict. The new Prime Minister, Rabbie Namaliu, ordered an independent inquiry into the mining operation during August. Bougainville: Perspectives on a Crisis. Post-war justice has been elusive, but until grievances are confronted, the consequences of impunity can be deadly. In response, the PLA decided to escalate their anti-mine activities. ), Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice. As this arti cle goes to press, there is an uneasy ceasefire in the civil war between Gov ernment and villagers which has claimed over 130 lives in the past year. Ten years of fighting for autonomy from Papua New Guinea and a brutal civil war ravaged the country in the 80s and 90s. (eds.) However, the PNGDF lacked the operational capacity to undertake this extensive military campaign alone. (eds. Green Left is turning 30 - Help us celebrate 30 years of people-powered media by posting a message to your socials using the hashtag #greenleft30. Class Action Complaint for the Violations of the Alien Tort Claims Act. Situated on Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) eastern border with the Solomon Islands, the company's Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down in November 1988 by traditional landowners who objected to the mine’s environmental and social effects. Much of what I'd read about Bougainville before arriving painted a picture of a troubled and unstable country. Meanwhile, the peace package which had been developed during April 1989 was rushed to fruition by a national government desperate to restore normality on the island. Indeed, many of the senior political figures who permitted and even applauded the atrocities, retained public office following the conflict. These conditions were unacceptable to the national government. The villages were varying from five or six houses to 20 or 30 houses.”. Retrouvez Breaking Spears and Mending Hearts: Peacemakers and Restorative Justice in Bougainville et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. One manager recalled: “These guys [PNG security forces] were ignorant thugs with guns. You can also add a donation to your support by choosing the solidarity option of $20 per month. Amnesty International said PNG forces stationed in Bougainville during this period took part in extra-judicial killings, village burnings and the rape of women. Operation Footloose, as it was known, aimed to fracture the BRA command using extreme force. (eds.) Bathurst: Crawford House Press. Bougainville Civil War; District map of Bougainville (North Solomons) Date: 1 December 1988 – 20 April 1998: Location: Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Sea. As a result, while police mobile squads were dispatched and placed on security detail, the Prime Minister also elected to send a peace delegation to Bougainville in an effort to forge a mediated settlement to the crisis. These allegations were featured in a hard-hitting Dateline report aired on SBS TV in 2011. Brunnschweiler, C., and Bulte E. H. (2008) 'The resource curse revisited and revised: a tale of paradoxes and red herrings', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3), 248-264. Correspondence from Francis Ona to Rabbie Namaliu, 20 June 1989. The International State Crime Initiative would like to thank the following contributors: Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films who provided excerpts from their documentary film, 'An Evergreen Island'. Meanwhile heightening tensions between Bougainvilleans and mainland PNG migrants led to riots in several towns. Conflict over the Panguna mine became the primary trigger for the Bougainville Civil War (1988–1998), which resulted in the deaths of up to 20,000 people. Until Rio Tinto commits to full disclosure, any attempt to reopen the Bougainville mine will be another corporate blight on the deeply scarred people of this Melanesian island. He is also the Chancellor of the Australian National University. However, Australia’s greatest fear was that the uprising would cause PNG’s fragile state apparatus to crack. BCL’s Chairman was particularly alarmed at the deteriorating situation on the island. Soldiers fired machine guns attached by rope, and grenades from grenade launchers or simply dropped grenades into villages” (Rogers 2002: 233). 'State Crime by Proxy: Australia and the Bougainville Conflict', British Journal of Criminology, 52(4), 705-723. These sentiments were shared by PNG’s Police Commissioner. Like East Timor in the 1970s, the conflict rarely made the headlines. Despite its attempt to glorify war and promote nationalist myths, he gives an honest account of Australian atrocities in war-both in decisions by the ruling class to throw away lives joining unnecessary conflicts and in the war crimes committed by the military in waging them. Ce navire de guerre était prévu pour servir dans les colonies à l'étranger et transportait un armement assez performant pour sa taille. (1990). Bougainville: The Forgotten Human Rights Tragedy, report: available online. There are other problems with his account. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Hawksley, C. (2006). Forget about your differences and struggle for only one goal: to save the lives of our future generations”. Le Billon, P. (2005) 'Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflict'. Having been briefed on BCL’s views, the national government looked for a middle road. According to a former District Commander of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC): “Basically the mobile squad people are semi-military, they are aggressive, they don’t do what normal policeman do, they go in there and they beat a few heads in. (eds.) As a result, in April 1998 a permanent ceasefire was signed, while in 2001 the Bougainville Peace Agreement was endorsed. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Available online. However, it is clans who own the land which mining companies must access to extract the minerals and build essential facilities. Despite having the support of loyalist paramilitaries, the state security forces continued to employ the same violent tactics witnessed during 1989-1990. (1997). Braithwaite, J., Charlesworth, H., Reddy, R., and Dunn, L. (2010). NSW government under scrutiny for strip searches, 'war on drugs', Morocco and Israel agree to normalise a sordid relationship, Refugees forcibly relocated from Mantra Hotel in Melbourne, Moreland council condemns secret immigration detention centre. Indeed, PNG’s Cabinet was sensitive to the fact that a heavy handed approach might not be socially feasible in a country where tradition, kinship, and customary landownership remain pervasive forces. (2002). Standish, B. In an effort to bring the rebels to heal, the PNG government, with encouragement from Australia and BCL, placed a military blockade around Bougainville during May 1990. CLAIMS that Rio Tinto funded the civil war and fostered atrocities on Bougainville are being resurrected as a hurdle to the reopening there of the copper mine, whose proven reserves are worth at least $50 billion. Memorandum to the Chairman, 22 November 1988. The government offered the moderates a generous peace settlement if they could persuade villagers to withdraw their support for the more radical PLA executive. Memorandum to CRA Directors, 6 December 1988. Lasslett, K. (2012). Aware that the national government was preparing to resolve the crisis using “brutal firepower”, the BRA’s leader, Francis Ona, sends a hand written letter to the Prime Minister. Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A. ... justice to victims is an immense challenge given that there has been no investigation into the scale and details of atrocities. ‘A Bougainville Interim Government: Perspective on Early Peace Efforts’, in Carl, A., and Garasu, L. This paved the way for the PNGDF to return to the island during September 1990. Bougainville Campaign: November 1943-August 1945 Under U.S. Navy aircraft and gunfire support, Task Force 31, led by Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, USN, landed First Marine Amphibious Corps, led by Lieutenant General Alexander A. Vandergrift, USMC, at Cape Torokina, Bougainville, Solomon Islands. Matilda realises there will be no more boats. The Bougainville Civil War, also known as the Bougainville conflict, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. In an effort to press the independence question the BRA stepped up its attacks on the mine during May 1989, forcing its closure. In response Francis Ona and his supporters fled into the jungle and formed the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA). British-Australian mining giant Rio Tinto is seriously contemplating reopening its Bougainville copper and gold mine, Reuters reported on February 7. An anti-war movement evolved on Bougainville during the mid-1990s, spearheaded by womens’ groups, NGOs, and the church. At the time, the Panguna open cut mine was the largest in the world. Secretary of the Victorian Allied Health Professionals Association, Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down, interviewed eight senior managers who worked for BCL, Podcast: Politics in Brazil today — Eyewitness discussion with journalist Michael Fox, Vigil for Muhammad — Malaysian student dies in detention, Ecuador: Popular progressive alliance gains electoral certification. Armed opposition to the BRA in the form of a group calling itself the Bougainville Liberation Front had arisen in several areas, leading Bougainville into the quagmire of civil war. Available online. Testimony of Senior Australian Department of Defence Official, Testimony of Senior Australian High Commission (Port Moresby) Official, Testimony of Senior Australian Defence Force Officer. Using the defence aid supplied by Australia and BCL the PNGDF conducted a series of offensive operations during July and August 1989. Polomka, P. (1990) ‘Bougainville is a Special Case’, in May, R. J. and Spriggs, M. (2006). Bougainville: Before the Conflict. Griffin, J. (ed.) Lasslett, K. (2010) A Critical Introduction to State-Corporate Crime, International State Crime Initiative, Available online. ‘Papua New Guinea at Thirty: Late Decolonisation and the Political Economy of Nation-Building’, Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 161–173. Shot dead by the PNG soldiers, her abdomen was then cut open to remove the foetus. It was hoped that by doing so communities would begin to turn against the BRA, thus bringing about the ingredients for a civil war on Bougainville. Naturally, Rio Tinto wants to take advantage of skyrocketing copper and gold prices by dusting off its old South Pacific jewel. Despite lack of local support for the moderate landowner faction cobbled together earlier in the year, the agreement was scheduled to be signed on 11 September 1989, several days after the mine’s official re-opening. The government’s new strategy was related to BCL by the new Minister of State. Indeed the Ministers told Cornelius, more needed to be done for local communities. Regan, A. J. Situated on Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) eastern border with the Solomon Islands, the company's Bougainville operation was forcefully closed down in November 1988 by traditional landowners who objected to the mine’s environmental and social effects. The political structure of Bougainville as an autonomous region within Papua New Guinea reflects the important need, following the civil war, for parliamentary representation of different interest groups. Facing severe financial and logistic constraints the national government turned to the mine’s operator, Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), and PNG’s principal international benefactor, Australia, to prop up the PNGDF. The mine began production in 1972 under the management of Bougainville Copper Ltd, with Papua New Guinea as a 20% shareholder. Last night I was on edge. May, R. J., and Spriggs, M. Today the opposition to the mine is strongest overseas, especially among Australia's trade unions and non-government organisations. This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: Bougainville Civil War Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. The war crimes committed by government security forces in the conflict were horrific. Il devient avocat, puis s'engage dans l'armée. Available online. While this alone was remarkable just before the turn of the millennium, what is absolutely astonishing was that the weapons had been “resurrected” from the WWII battlefields. This Accord examines the creative initiatives that helped to end the violence, and describes an indigenous peace process that drew on the strengths of Melanesian traditions. PNG’s Defence Minister boasted, “we have shown the military destruction that can be caused, if ever they decided to start again. located on Bougainville island has pro duced no copper and gold due to sabot age by village landowners. Following peace negotiations with PLA activists, the national government announced that in return for the executive’s cooperation in recovering stolen explosives, the government would initiate a review of the Bougainville Copper Agreement. Pacific Scoop: Report – By Rowan Callick. ‘Mining and Civil Conflict: Revisiting Grievance at Bougainville, Minerals’, Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report, 21(2), 23–35. Mobile squads raided four landowner villages, landowners were assaulted, their property seized, and their homes damaged. Matilda’s mother, Dolores—a brave, deeply religious woman—endlessly promises her pining daughter that they will take the next boat to reunite with her father. 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S views, the BRA responded to the government on 26 June 1989 their support the. Mainland PNG migrants led to riots in several towns des canonnières Marilyn part 1 the... There is no vacuum or hermetic sealing - merely a very logical time frame - not some outsider. Was related to BCL and Australia for assistance, especially among Australia 's trade unions and organisations!
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