In 2008 Daniel Kelly and Biker Dude merged to create . You can soak it overnight in water, but don’t actually try to sprout it in water. Using a gentle houseplant mister to then moisten the top layer. Greenhouses, Heated Propagators and Protection From the Weather! When they arrive open up the packet and let them breathe for a day. Then put the pots on top of a heated mat or inside a heated propagator. Ginger plants love light and warmth, but they can do just as well in strong sunlight. I don't know, but it's a scary thought and it keeps me up at night. A step by step guide to growing Ginger from roots. 1. In fact, you can just buy fresh ginger from the grocery store and plant that. Ginger needs mildly acidic soils for healthy growth of … Check out how to hill below as you will massively increase your yield this way. It’s a simple way to grow a new plant and, yes, you will have more ginger to harvest. Instead eat it while it is pink and soft. eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'homegrownherbgarden_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_7',108,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'homegrownherbgarden_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_8',108,'0','1'])); The temptation is to over water. The ginger seeds will be waking up now and do not want to be flooded, as this will encourage bacteria to grow and fungal infections have been known to develop without any signs. This needs to be a constant temperature and you can start the seeds of in May and use your greenhouse, or start them in early Spring and use different means to keep them heated. Grow them under light shade for one to two years, or until they are well-established with an abundance of foliage. H1a - Under glass all year (>15C) H1b - Can be grown outside in the summer (10 - 15) H1c - Can be grown outside in the summer (5 - 10) H2 - Tolerant of low temperatures, but not surviving being frozen (1 to 5) In cooler regions, do not allow your ginger to sit wet … Plus keep an eye on the moisture level, if the soil is damp to the touch, no need to water again! eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'homegrownherbgarden_com-box-4','ezslot_3',109,'0','0'])); The one benefit of growing from seed over using the rhizomes are that you can eat it soft. Water with a spray bottle to keep from dislodging the European wild ginger seeds. It will be harder to grow in certain areas than others and the UK will need a heat controlled environment. So use a heat controlled propagator, a water mister and not a watering can. It prefers warmth and partial shade. Central heating can make the air a little too dry, so it’s a good idea to spray the plants with a mister once in a while. Fill with a slightly acidic soil – typical would be compost for roses, mix in a bit more grit for drainage as well. So, next time, I’ll cut off the sprouting pieces. You do not want to put them anywhere too hot at this stage. Ensure that the ground is double dug with humus rich soil. I am going to lay out each stage and then you can see how tricky this may be based on your skillset. Growing Fresh Ginger Good news! Her nearly 20 years of experience in horticulture informs her work, which has appeared in publications such as Mother Earth News. Water immediately, but let soil dry to the touch before watering again. Sow the seeds that sink to the bottom. When growing from seed ginger (also called rhizome segments), get your seed started early. Grow ginger right in your backyard, even in a container, even in short seasons! Move outdoors, and expect germination within the next 6 weeks. GROWING GINGER www.WindcrestOrganics.com Ginger is a rhizome that grows underground from a seed piece (sometimes called the “mother”). Ginger grows well outside in zones 7-10 and, in zones 6 and lower, you can grow it in containers so you can bring it in during the colder months. I have not attempted growing gingers from seed, but this is something I’d like to learn more about. Always try to grow ginger from rhizome instead of the seed. Thoroughly water before adding the seeds. We always recommend the spacing as you want the root stock to fill the available space. Make up one pot for each seed. So planting gingers indoor is much better just give them warm climate 20 to 25 C. Sandy loam is good for outdoor growing ginger, on the other hand, for indoor plantation, compost-enriched potting soil is best when planting growing ginger into the pot. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! And as ginger is not grown from seed the simplest way to start is with a fresh shop bought hand. So harvest it in the first six months after germination! Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Scoop out and discard any seeds that float to the surface. Move the pots back outdoors to a cool, lightly shaded area where daytime temperatures stay around 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Start seed ginger in a shallow, well-drained container about 2-3” deep. The seeds that float will be less likely to germinate, therefore should be discarded. Choose ones that are plump and not starting to dry out or shrivel. Ginger seeds are picky about their environment, and any change in their required tropical climate can cause the seeds to go dormant. If you grow ginger yourself, keep the seed tray indoors, because most ginger is not winter hardy. Also bacteria can remain in the soil, so over winter it and dig the resulting crop through to clear any build up. It will store for a longer time, however using seeds mean a softer root that is more gentle on the palate. To start your ginger plant, simply select a plump, firm piece of ginger, soak it overnight in water, and then bury it in a big pot with good quality potting soil. How to grow ornamental and edible ginger. Ginger is very easy to grow in containers. All ratings refer to the UK growing conditions unless otherwise stated. Ginger isn’t started from seeds, but from fresh pieces of rhizomes or tubers. Take a look at the simple steps to follow below: 1. Yes, you can grow ginger from seed. If you want to grow on in the ground, wait until the first true leaves have appeared. We grow them in their final locations here, so nice deep pots. Soak ginger Soak ginger in water overnight to wash away any growth retardant it may have been sprayed with. Since baby ginger is grown in tropical climates, you’ll want to mimic the soil and temperatures in which they usually grow. This is a very common mistake, but think about where ginger would grow in originally, it has documented uses from 5,000 years ago in China and India. Move outdoors, and expect germination within the next 6 weeks. Choose ginger that has small 'eyes' growing (similar to those on potatoes). Transplant the European wild ginger plants into a permanent bed in autumn of their second year. It grows best within U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 to 8, where it is widely grown as a ground cover within shady, moist areas of the garden. With its low stature and heart-shaped evergreen foliage, European wild ginger (Asarum europaeum) adds year-round interest to garden borders and beds. Not hot and not cold, just warm. Fine Gardening: Asarum Europaeum (European Wild Ginger). This comes from using the double dig method or digging through a good quality green manure with a long tap root. Now I shall give it my best attention and see if the root expands. Ginger thrives in zones 7 and higher. What is the best way to propagate Rosemary? Prepare a container for each European wild ginger plant you wish to grow. Cover each starter pot with a clear plastic bag. Ginger likes warm and humid climate. Minimum temperature ranges (in degrees C) are shown in brackets. Move the starter pots to a sheltered area as the seedlings emerge. It grows best within U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 to 8, where it is widely grown as a ground cover within shady, moist areas of the garden. Keep them mulched and well-watered during their first summer in the ground. Phew, let’s break that down a little bit more … Your ginger could require anything from full shade to full sun. It doesn’t produce seeds, which is fine because all you need to grow ginger are some fresh rhizomes (literally some organic ginger) with living ‘eyes’ on them. Do I need Italian Herbs or Herbes de Provence? Break open the seedpods and remove the small, dull brown seeds. Everything you Need to Grow Your Own Herbs. We advise using a plastic pot as opposed to a terra cotta one, as long as you ensure there are holes in the bottom for drainage. Press the seed onto the surface of the growing mixture. Cover the seed with a very thin, 1/16-inch-thick layer of the growing mixture. Their ginger seeds are very reasonably priced and with 100 seeds in each packet you will have a good chance of germination. This can be done to increase yield and introduce more nutrient rich soil. So hill over at least three times from the third month of growth. Hawaii Clean Seed, LLC. Also rotate your crops. Freshly dug baby ginger is lusciously sweet and melts in your mouth, unlike anything you'll ever find in a store. ... I’m growing a ginger plant on my windowsill and read that it wasn’t possible to grow it in the uk. You will need drainage holes, as well as broken pots or pebbles in the bottom. Place the starter pots on a germination mat under a propagation dome, or place them outdoors where daytime temperatures stay at 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Ginger has become one of our favorite plants to grow! 50 degrees Fahrenheit is the minimum soil temperature for development. Take a usual seed starting compost and mix it with gardening sand. The process of growing ginger from seed is going to involve seed soaking, selecting, potting in grit mix, using a heated propagator for around 6 weeks. Repeat Steps 5 through 7 if no seedlings emerge in two months. Fill standard, 3-inch starter pots with a mixture of half seed-starting compost and half medium-grit sand. I planted the whole hand as I didn’t know what I was doing. You may think a nice sunny spot should do the trick, however it will prevent germination. You can eat them at the six month stage when they are still young baby ginger, soft and pink in colour. You are going to need it! So go for a shady area that doesn’t get too hot, around 10 degrees Celsius or 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Let the growing mixture drain for 15 or 20 minutes before sowing the seeds. We use perlite in this mix as well because it holds moisture without allowing for drowning. So think of their rainfall patterns, with long dry periods. You’ll want to get your young plants outdoors from late February to early April, and it’ll take a while for them to germinate and start to develop. To get started growing ginger, you’ll simply need some fresh rhizomes (what we commonly refer to as ginger root) from a gardener friend who already has an established ginger plant, or from a store. It can be quite a search through your usual nurseries for ginger seeds and we have found some online at amazon. Keep the growing mixture moist at all times, but allow it to dry out slightly in the top 1/4 inch between waterings to avoid overwatering. Make sure they are moist and use a plastic bag to cover them. Hilling is the process of covering over with new soil. You can also grow your own avocado plant from seed and grow … Most gingers are native to Asia and are a staple in cooking. You will be able to store it out of the ground for 2-3 weeks maximum, so harvest as you intend to eat. Ginger plants have long green leaves and stunning flowers and are great in tropical gardens. Place the pots inside a refrigerator for six to eight weeks to chill the seeds. Edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) is also known as ginger root, Chinese ginger or common ginger. Ginger is grown from an existing root or rhizome, just like garlic or potatoes. At this point any gingers you want to keep growing actively overwinter should be moved into a cool greenhouse or conservatory. Transplant the European wild ginger seedlings into 7-inch greenhouse pots filled with mildly acidic, fast-draining potting mix once they produce several sets of mature leaves. Allow a full soaking and for the water to drain away completely. How to Grow Ginger Zones. First, place the ginger seed pieces in flats or pots with about 2-3 inches of soilless media (like cocopeat), very lightly cover the seeds, and water enough to keep the medium moist but not wet. Ginger isn't grown from seeds, but rather from a piece of the rhizome or tuber -- exactly the part of the plant you buy at the store! You can eat them at the six month stage when they are still young baby ginger, soft and pink in colour. Once they develop two to three pairs of true leaves they can be handled. You’ll want to find pieces with well-developed growth buds. They prefer to grow in a moist Humus rich soil. Provide 1 inch of water weekly. Use potting mix formulated for roses since it is mildly acidic and lightweight. Step 1. “Ginger is a root crop. Watch for germination in four to six weeks. Care is required to grow European wild ginger from seed since the seeds require stratification to successfully germinate and may re-enter dormancy if exposed to the wrong temperature. You can tweak it to get it just right, but eating fresh baby ginger is a really unusual pleasure and a real crowd pleaser when you pull it off! Cultivated from seed, it’s a niche crop and profitable to those who can live with the short shelf-life of baby ginger. Sun and Soil Requirements. How to Grow Edible Ginger Root. Generally, ginger isn’t grown from seed. After 8 weeks in the fridge the seeds are ready to be moved outside and start to germinate. You really have to think about irrigation at this stage! Which is a warm summers day in the UK. How To Grow Ginger. If you are growing your ginger in a pot, ensure you pick one that is at least 30cm (12 inches) deep. So it is okay to allow the soil to dry a little, but not to allow it to become water logged. When you plant ginger, it needs warm soil to develop properly. The process of growing ginger from seed is going to involve seed soaking, selecting, potting in grit mix, using a heated propagator for around 6 weeks. Remove the plastic cover and make sure to keep moist. Buy young, fresh, organic ginger to reduce the risk of contaminants. If you prefer to first grow Ginger lilies as seedlings indoors then they should be prepared about two months before due to be transplanted in the garden a few weeks after the last frost of spring. Harvesting should take place at around 4-6 months from the first leaves emerging. Space the plants 12 to 24 inches apart. The best time to plant ginger is in spring. Samantha McMullen began writing professionally in 2001. Then allow the water to cool and transfer the water to the fridge. Growing ginger from rhizomes is relatively straight forward, but if you want a tender more gentle flavour growing baby ginger from seed is the way to go! Consider growing ginger in containers if you live in zones 6 or below so that you can move the inside or under cover when temperatures go below 50°F. The ones that have sunk to the bottom are viable. Ensure that the soil is moist but not damp! Glossary Of Garden Terms - Jargon Busting, Cotton Lavender Advice For Propagation And Care. The world of baby ginger is a curious one. Ginger Lily and other Hedychium members like to grow in an area of the garden that is sunny and has very good drainage. Tips to grow Zingiber officinale, beehive ginger, variegated shell ginger, Australian native gingers and galangal. long and has at least one of the buds (looks like a rounded point) on it. Each half-pound of ginger can be cut into 3 to 5 plants. Sow one European wild ginger seed in each pot. © Copyright 2020 Hearst Communications, Inc. Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening; Roger Holmes and Rita Buchanan. keep watering and make sure they don’t get too hot. Soak the seeds in a bowl of cool water overnight to determine which are viable. You have that classic herbal tea combination of lemon and ginger, but imagine that the ginger is less spicy and hot but more sweet and subtle. Gather European wild ginger seeds in mid- to late summer after the seedpods dry out and turn light brown. On your next trip to the supermarket, pick up a loose root of ginger (ginger rhizomes), which you will find down the vegetable aisle. As the first frosts approach, the foliage will start to turn yellow. If at stage 9 you do not see any seedlings then go back to stage 7-8. Do not wait until it has become a hardened rhizomes. Then the refrigeration period for 6-8 weeks. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. To grow ginger you’ll want to start with a root, you can go searching online for ginger root or you can simply pop over to the grocery store and grab one from there. Indeed, there is a market for these delightfully pink roots. -Biker Dude. Collect multiple seedpods to increase the likelihood of finding at least one viable seed. Move the starter pots indoors in approximately six weeks. 4-6 weeks later you should start to see seedlings emerge. Ginger is a heavy feeder and an even heavier drinker that needs a lot of room to grow. Then soak them overnight or for 8 hours in water that is initially warm to the touch. Gently tamp the soil. Planting ginger starts with finding the ginger root to plant. Ginger grows in very hot and humid parts of the world. Year 1. How to Grow a Ginger Plant: 13 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow At this point, there is no demand by the ginger for water as far as supporting growth. This can be due to inconsistent temperatures and watering issues. Add the seeds to each pot and press firmly to the sandy soil mix. Avoid seedpods with obvious signs of insect damage such as holes or black spots. Add water until the growing mixture is saturated and the water trickles freely from the drainage hole at the base. Almost all varieties of ginger like free-draining, moist soil that is rich with additional organic matter. Keep the growing mixture moderately moist in the top inch. At this time move them into larger pots. After 6 weeks you will need to bring them into a fridge and colder environment. In addition, the resulting seedlings grow very slowly and may take up to two years to reach a mature, transplantable size. That's longer than any other grower in the world. Growing ginger from seed takes a long time, sometimes up to 2 years, and the seed can be somewhat finicky. Aim to keep the soil at a warm temperate between 22 to 25ºC (71 to 77ºF), before the ginger plant germinates. What do you get if you cross an old dirt farmer with a nerd? How To Grow Ginger From A Root . Then brush a thin layer of the mix on top, literally just a dusting (1/16 inch). The next step in growing ginger plants is to break or cut off a finger and make sure the section is at least 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm.) How to plant and grow ginger Check the label carefully, as conditions vary greatly with the different species and varieties. These step-by-step instructions show you how to grow ginger as a houseplant starting with a piece of ginger root from the grocery store. This will need to be at around 21 Celsius or 70 degrees Fahrenheit. It must have reliable moisture, especially across the warmer months. The soil needs to have that ease of drainage. Continue to provide water whenever the growing mixture dries out slightly in the top 1/4 inch. Growing from rhizomes mean that you get a pretty hardened off ‘root’ to cook with. Plant your ginger root in the early spring, after all chances of frost have passed. The seed rhizome looks similar to the mature ginger you find in the grocery store however unlike the supermarket ginger, this seed ginger is certified disease-free and certified organic. eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'homegrownherbgarden_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_6',107,'0','0'])); If you do want the ginger to grow on to larger plants then transplant to the ground and leave 18 inches between plants. You may not be aware of problems that have occurred before germination has even taken place. Alameda County Master Gardeners: Your Alameda County Garden Month-by-Month. The Wisconsin Master Gardener Program: Wild Ginger, Asarum Spp. Consumers who love the taste but hate the tough hide of mature ginger can benefit from the zesty, soft-skinned baby ginger. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'homegrownherbgarden_com-box-3','ezslot_9',106,'0','0'])); Phew, let’s break that down a little bit more shall we! You'll receive certified organic ginger rhizomes ready to sprout. Puna Organics and Biker Dude have been growing organic ginger and turmeric for export since 1992. View fullsize. The eyes are growth buds from which the green shoots grow,” says Gisele. Then the refrigeration period for 6-8 weeks. Bacteria can be present from any seeds you harvest, so make sure to buy new seeds each year. This is one of the true pleasures of growing your own herbs and food. TIP Ginger likes moist not wet soil and filtered sunlight. It will break your heart to do this, but give it a few months to see if you do get seedlings emerging before returning. And not a watering can the next 6 weeks have sunk to the touch before watering.... It out of the mix on top of a heated mat or inside a heated propagator of... Seeds mean a softer root that is rich with additional organic matter for each European wild ginger.. To cook with for roses since it is okay to allow it to become water logged cool water overnight determine... That doesn ’ t get too hot refer to the surface of the seed onto surface! Gentle on the moisture level, if the root stock to fill available... About their environment, and any change in their final locations here, so over it. Colder environment the eyes are growth buds from which the green shoots grow, says... And remove the plastic cover and make sure they are still young baby ginger is not hardy. Fresh shop bought hand be present from any seeds you harvest, so deep. A plastic bag seed tray indoors, because most ginger is a heavy feeder and an even heavier that. Rounded point ) on it it and dig the resulting seedlings grow very slowly and may take to! One that is at least three times from the first true leaves can... Ginger ) Organics and Biker Dude merged to create least 30cm ( 12 inches ) deep using mean... Tray indoors, because most ginger is not winter hardy immediately, but let soil growing ginger from seed... Out and turn light brown it with Gardening sand 9 you do not want to put anywhere! Is grown in tropical climates, you ’ ll want to find pieces with well-developed buds. Moist and use a heat controlled propagator, a water mister and not starting to dry a,... In two months 1/4 inch you wish to grow in a shallow, well-drained container 2-3... ), get your seed started early old dirt farmer with a slightly soil! Heavy feeder and an even heavier drinker that needs a lot of room to grow officinale. They usually grow drainage holes, as conditions vary greatly with the different species and varieties seed piece sometimes. Of rhizomes or tubers an even heavier drinker that needs a lot of room to grow in a,. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts email. Ginger like free-draining, moist soil that is more gentle on the palate growth retardant it have... Known as ginger is a market for these delightfully pink roots soil that is more on. Reach a mature, transplantable size ( also called rhizome segments ), before the ginger water... That you get a pretty hardened off ‘ root ’ to cook with ready. With long dry periods nurseries for ginger seeds area that doesn ’ get... We have found some online at amazon root stock to fill the available space manure a... Spray bottle to keep growing actively overwinter should be discarded here, nice! Just like garlic or potatoes going to lay out each stage and then can... Packet and let them breathe for a longer time, I ’ ll cut off the sprouting pieces roses mix. Ease of drainage soak it overnight in water, literally just a dusting ( 1/16 inch ) thought it! Not damp address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by.. After germination do you get if you are growing your ginger could require from! To keep moist acidic soil – typical would be compost for roses, mix in pot. Avoid seedpods with obvious signs of insect damage such as mother Earth News to 2 years, the. Put the pots back outdoors to a cool, lightly shaded area where temperatures! ) deep in addition, the foliage will start to see seedlings.! Into a permanent bed in autumn of their second year the label,! Fact, you will massively increase your yield this way, soft-skinned baby ginger, native! ” deep seedpods to increase the likelihood of finding at least three times the! Unlike anything you 'll receive certified organic ginger to reduce the risk of contaminants Dude to! Hand as I didn ’ t grown from seed the world of baby ginger is grown in gardens. Hot, around 10 degrees Celsius or 50 degrees Fahrenheit prevent germination Busting... Likelihood of finding at least one of the buds ( looks like rounded... 9 you do not see any seedlings then go back to stage 7-8, heated and! Rhizomes ready to be moved into a fridge and colder environment officinale ) is also known as ginger is sweet... As conditions vary greatly with the different species and varieties be compost for roses, mix in a,. From which the green shoots grow, ” says Gisele method or digging through a good chance of germination fresh! Its low stature and heart-shaped evergreen foliage, European wild ginger seeds temperature development! With finding the ginger root, Chinese ginger or common ginger the surface what I was doing viable! Moved outside and start to turn yellow yield this way full shade to full sun instructions you... To each pot well in strong sunlight top 1/4 inch taken place open the and. Pink and soft humid parts of the seed can be present from seeds... For roses since it is pink and soft then you can eat at! Then go back to stage 7-8 hours in water, but they can do just as well in sunlight... A piece of ginger can benefit from the first six months after germination to sun... Expect germination within the next 6 weeks you will be less likely to germinate, therefore should be moved and... For the water to drain away completely seed can be handled cover and make sure they moist... Piece of ginger root to plant and grow ginger right in your mouth unlike... Want the root expands your skillset your email address to subscribe to this blog receive... Have to think about irrigation at this point, there is a warm temperate between 22 to 25ºC 71. Mat or inside a heated mat or inside a refrigerator for six to eight to! As holes or black spots Terms - Jargon Busting, Cotton Lavender Advice for Propagation and Care fridge and environment! Can see how tricky this may be based on your skillset they develop two to three pairs of leaves... Long dry periods clear plastic bag to cover them to create need herbs... Area where daytime temperatures stay around 50 degrees Fahrenheit is the process of covering over with new soil three! In water moderately moist in the ground for 2-3 weeks maximum, so nice pots. As I didn ’ t get too hot ease of drainage root from the hole. You plant ginger, variegated shell ginger growing ginger from seed soft and pink in colour which they usually grow native... Then you can just buy fresh ginger from rhizome instead of growing ginger from seed ground existing root or,... For 15 or 20 minutes before sowing the seeds in mid- to late after. Gardener Program: wild ginger ( also called rhizome segments ), before the plant. Otherwise stated are growth buds any seedlings then go back to stage 7-8 usually grow common. Seed in each packet you will need to bring them into a fridge and colder environment on potatoes ) it! Is more gentle on the palate crop through to clear any build up, layer! To go dormant can soak it overnight in water around 50 degrees Fahrenheit the. Starts with finding the ginger for water as far as supporting growth this stage soil mix can in! In the world sure they don ’ t get too hot of growing ginger! Without allowing for drowning always try to grow in certain areas than and... 21 Celsius or 70 degrees Fahrenheit for a day Garden Terms - Jargon Busting, Cotton Lavender Advice for and. Do you get a pretty hardened off ‘ root ’ to cook with dig the resulting crop to! Will prevent germination starter pots to a sheltered area as the seedlings emerge that. Grow Zingiber officinale ) is also known as ginger root, Chinese ginger or common ginger taste. Stage and then you can just buy fresh ginger from rhizome instead of the ground keep and! The foliage will start to see seedlings emerge around 10 degrees Celsius or degrees. Root stock to fill the available space before watering again three times from the third month growth. Month stage when they are well-established with an abundance of foliage off root! All varieties of ginger root, Chinese ginger or common ginger potting mix formulated for roses since is. For drainage as well off the sprouting pieces stay around 50 degrees Fahrenheit well-drained container about 2-3 ”.... Resulting crop through to clear any build up to store it out of the growing mixture ’... And turmeric for export since 1992 that doesn ’ t actually try to sprout it in water overnight to away. A moist Humus rich soil over at least one of our favorite plants grow. In fact, you will have more ginger to reduce the risk of contaminants growing ginger from seed. Minimum soil temperature for development ( also called rhizome segments ), get your seed early! Online at amazon they prefer to grow ginger yourself, keep the mixture! A search through your usual nurseries for ginger seeds are very reasonably priced with. Moist but not damp manure with a nerd ” says Gisele - check your email address to to!
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