A convenient sample of 152 men and women living with diabetes who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate in this study constituted the participants for the study. However, the prevalence rate for Nigeria is put at 3.9% (International Diabetes Federation, 2009). The foundation of the HBM is that individuals will take action to prevent, control, or treat a health problem if they perceive the problem to be severe in nature; if they perceive that the action will yield or produce an expected outcome; and because of the perceived negative consequences of therapy. Health belief model examples diabetes health psychology quizlet chapter 6 google health mobile mens health workout plan health psychology chapter 4 health 354 health beauty uk health center downtown. Hence, the hypothesis which states that perceived barrier will impede the individual from following doctors’ recommendations was rejected. Based on the results from this study using HBM, it can be said that HBM alone is a poor predictor of diabetes management among those with diabetes in the studied population. The selection criteria for inclusion included the following: the individual must have been diagnosed by a medical doctor as having diabetes, he or she must be attending clinics for treatment and check-ups, he or she must be mentally sound to respond to questions, and he or she must give a voluntary consent to participate in the study. This deals with how inconvenient the regimen is perceived to be, for example, how much will it cost a patient to buy the drugs for a month considering other responsibilities before the patient. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. According to the Health Belief Model, perceived severity and perceived susceptibility, defined as an individual's subjective perception of risk of developing a disease or a condition, is a key factor in predicting whether a person will adopt healthy behaviors to reduce that risk. The HBM was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service and remains one of the best known and most widely used theories in health behavior research. (1998) and Murata et al. On the issue of exercises, 46% did not know the effects of exercises on individuals. The low level of diabetes knowledge found in this study compares relatively with other studies on diabetes knowledge by Fitzgerald et al. Four items assessed perceived severity on a 5-point scale, ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The result shows that statistically there is no relationship between the aggregate health belief and diabetes management. Origin of the Health Belief Model. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 152 respondents living with diabetes. The HBM scale consisted of 16 items and was found to be reliable (16 items: α = 71), the subscales of perceived susceptibility (α = 72), perceived severity (α = 63), perceived benefits (α = 74), and perceived barriers (α = 71). These included “I would have to change too many habits and follow my prescriptions” to “following prescriptions interfere with my normal daily activities.” The mean of the rating was used to measure the perceived barriers (M = 11.88, SD = 2.48); higher scores showed more barriers to diabetes management. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. The Relationship Between the Health Belief Model and Compliance of Persons with Diabetes Mellitus. This particular model of diabetes education involves four different components. Type: Systematic Reviews . Diabetes Education: Health Belief Model. Hence, the validity of the model in this population has not been tested. While other empirical evidences from other studies suggest that people affected with diabetes often have inadequate knowledge about the nature of diabetes, its risk factors, and associated complications (Jabbar, Contractor, Ebrahim, & Moahmood, 2001; Kamal, Biessels, Duis, & Gispen, 2000). Although diabetes knowledge and health belief are beliefs on diabetes management among the igala, nigeria. Diabetes management was measured using self-reports of the respondents on the performance of their physicians’ recommendations on medication, regular blood glucose testing, weight management, eye and foot examination, regular clinic visits, and regular physical exercise. Kathy A Bloom Cerkoney and ; Laura K Hart; Mount Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, and the University of Iowa, College of Nursing Iowa City; Address reprint requests to Kathy A. Bloom Cerkoney, Mount Mercy College, 1330 Elmhurst Drive, N.E., Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52402. B., Green, S. E. (, Ayele, K., Tesfa, B., Abebe, L., Tilahun, T., Girma, E. (, Baumann, L. C., Opio, C. K., Otim, M., Olson, L., Ellison, S. (, Bautista-Martinez, S., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Lerman, I., Velasco, M., Castellanos, R., Zenteno, E., . The chi-square result showed that there was no significant relationship between perceived barriers and diabetes management (p > .05). The health belief model (HBM)) is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services. This provides the populations with skills they can utilize to improve, control, and manage healthcare and clinical issues related to diabetes. The implication of the finding is that diabetes knowledge is an important factor on how patients will follow their management plan but should not be seen as an end in itself. Also, the responses to all the questions were all self-reports. To quantitatively capture the degree of agreement to each item by the respondents, the items were scored from the lowest to the highest. How do individuals perceive developing problems due to diabetes, for example, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia? A total of 54% of the respondents were women, whereas 46% were men. The DKT consisted of 7 items administered to the respondents. Definition and Rationale for the Health Belief Model, including: 1. In this example, the interventions are aimed at Table 3. This agrees with Glasgow and Anderson’s (1999) claim that disease-specific diabetes knowledge may be a process or mediating variable that interacts with other factors to affect self-care, which may affect short- and long-term health outcomes. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. This result supports Adejoh’s (2011) claim that, among the Igala, there is a strong belief in Igala medicine in curing all kinds of diseases. About 59% did not know the effect of eating food that contains less fat, 18% said that it decreased the risk of kidney problem, whereas about 15% asserted that it decreases the risk for heart diseases. They are found around the triangle formed by the confluence of River Niger and River Benue and are located east of the confluence. Almost half of the respondents had low diabetes knowledge. Health Belief Model refers in the ability of a patient to understand and follow a specific way of living in accordance to Illness’ requirements. This could have implications for how a person will manage his or her condition. .Rull-Rodrigo, J. There was a significant positive relationship between perceived severity (0.549, p = .000), perceived benefits (12.383, p = .000), and diabetes management. Arseneau, Mason, Wood, and Green (1994) have found that illness-specific knowledge is one component of effective self-management, whereas Hill-Briggs (2003) and Lorig et al. The Health Belief Model can be applied to evaluate the risk of lifestyle changes. For example, a 59 year old woman who sunbathes every day who doesn’t believe that she is at risk of skin cancer will continue to sun bathe. Members of _ can log in with their society credentials below, This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (. Besides, most of the participants were only counseled after diagnosis on what to do and what not to do. The third variable, benefits, concerns the perception that the diabetes regimen will be effective. The study was conducted between August 2008 and December 2009. The purpose of this study was to investigate type 2 diabetes medication adherence using a theoretical framework, the Health Belief Model (HBM). Finally, cues to action deals with either external (e.g., reminders from family members when to take medications) or internal (e.g. This Model has been useful to explain noncompliance, to make an "educa tional diagnosis," and for designing compliance-enhancing interventions. View or download all the content the society has access to. To ascertain how many of the respondents scored high (good or satisfactory) or low (bad or poor) on each of the attributes, a norm above which a person was high and below which was low was created by adopting the mean. This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. The Health Belief Model (HBM) identified five basic dimensions as a basis for behaviour: perceived severity of the condition, perceived susceptibility or vulnerability to the disease process, perceived benefits (belief in efficacy), costs/barriers, and cues to action, which may be internal (symptoms) or external (health education, illness of family or friend) [22, 23]. SAGE Publications Inc, unless otherwise noted. The association between diabetes knowledge and diabetes management supports a study that has demonstrated that increased glycemic control is associated with higher scores of diabetes knowledge (Colleran, Starr, & Burge, 2003). The respondents were scored based on total correct responses out of 7 items and were classified as either having low or high diabetes knowledge. 7 Currently, 89% of the U.S. population perceives diabetes as a serious disease. The statistics showed that there was a significant relationship between perceived benefits and diabetes management (1, N = 152) = 12.383, p = .000. The result which linked high level of diabetes knowledge with poor management status supports a similar study that found good level of diabetes knowledge with poor adherence to recommendations (Al-Deagi, McElnay, & Scott, 1995). The Igala still hold on to their traditions, including the belief that traditional medicines can cure all kinds of illnesses. Sharing links are not available for this article. (2012) and Chinyere, Nandy, and Nwankwo (2010) claimed that most Nigerians with diabetes have suboptimal glycemic control, are hypertensive, have chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, and do not practice self-monitoring of blood glucose. Lean Library can solve it. (, Williams, N. J., Whittle, J. G., Gatrell, A. C. (. Manuscript content on this site is licensed under Creative Commons Licenses. This site uses cookies. Figure 3 shows how planners can use the health belief model to develop interventions to address obesity to avoid diabetes. This model was developed in the 1950s but was upgraded in the 1980s. (, Brownlee-Duffeck, M., Peterson, L., Simonds, J. F., Goldstein, D., Kilo, C., Hoette, S. (, Chinenye, S., Uloko, A. E., Ogbera, A. O., Ofoegbu, E. N., Fasanmade, O. The first condition in the Health Belief Model is perceived threat. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the association and influence of diabetes knowledge and health beliefs on diabetes management among the Igala in Kogi State, Nigeria. World Health Organization (2004) estimated that there were 1.71 million people living with diabetes in Nigeria and the figure was projected to reach 4.94 million by the year 2030. Major Concepts 2. The findings of this study are in line with a review which found that the individual components (severity, susceptibility, benefits, and barriers) each only accounted for 0.5% to 4% of the variance in behavior (Harrison, Mullen, & Green, 1992). (2008) that the acquisition of diabetes-related knowledge is not enough to increase compliance with diabetes treatment. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. A further analysis in Table 6 shows that health belief (β = .07865, t = 2.439, p < .016) was found to have strong influence on diabetes management. In this section, you will find the following: 1. health belief model and the application of health belief model. If the person does not see a health care behavior as risky or threatening, there is no stimulus to act. Perceived seriousness has been shown to have a mediocre effect (Jahanlou et al., 2008). If people living with diabetes are to follow their physicians’ recommendations, it is imperative for the physicians to understand their knowledge of diabetes and health beliefs about diabetes and how these affect their following physicians’ recommendations. Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The bivariate result showed that 35% and 64% of those with low and high perceived benefits, respectively, had poor diabetes management status, whereas 65% and 36% of those with low and high perceived benefits of following biomedical recommendations, respectively, had good diabetes management status. The respondents were selected from seven hospitals owned by governments, private individuals, and faith-based organizations that served as both out-patient and in-patient clinics. The Health Belief Model and Self-Care Behaviors amo ng Type 2 Diabetic Patients Hossein Vazini 1, Majid Barati 2* Introduction D iabetes is the most common important metabolic disease. However, performing these practices has remained problematic for those living with the condition as it requires behavioral change. This may be related to the perceived susceptibility of health belief, particularly the assertion that knowledge of the complications of diabetes may lead to taking the necessary preventive measures. Table 5. This could be linked to the belief among the Igala that all diseases are curable using local herbs from competent herbalists. Baumann, Opio, Otim, Olson, and Ellison (2010) found that few patients did home glucose monitoring, considered activities of daily living as regular exercise, and lack healthy food choices. Table 1. Samuel Ojima Adejoh lectures in the Department of Sociology, University of Lagos, Nigeria, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The model is based on the theory that a person's willingness to change their health behaviorsis primarily due to the following factors. Relative Influence of Health Belief on Diabetes Management. Examples are “I believe I can control my diabetes” and “my medicine would make me feel better” assessed on a 5-point scale of strongly disagree to strongly agree. This finding is supported by Glasgow, McCaul, and Schafer (1986), who avers that beliefs about treatment effectiveness appear to have an important influence on diabetes self-management. The regression result showed that diabetes knowledge influenced diabetes management (β = .262, t = 3.328, p = .001) and health beliefs affected diabetes management (β = .07865, t = 2.439, p < .016). Table 6. (1987) found that measures of health beliefs accounted for 41% to 52% of the self-reported adherence and that perceived severity and perceived benefits were associated with greater self-reported adherence and metabolic control. The main barrier preventing help-seeking was fear of the unknown treatment … the desire to avoid complications of diabetes; but the model does not consider factors responsible for enabling and maintaining preventive behavior over time (Janz, Champion, & Strecher, 2002). Although... Read Summary. (1983), on perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers, to measure the beliefs of diabetic patients about their diabetes. Diabetes Knowledge, Health Belief, and Diabetes Management Among the Igala, Nigeria, http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, http://www.uk.sagepub.com/aboutus/openaccess.htm, Baumann, Opio, Otim, Olson, and Ellison (2010), Nyenwe, Odia, Ihekwaba, Ojule, and Babatunde (2003), Jabbar, Contractor, Ebrahim, & Moahmood, 2001, Ayele, Tesfa, Abebe, Tilahun, and Girma (2012), Underutilization of Influenza Vaccine: A Test of the Health Belief Model, College Men and Women and Their Intent to Receive Genital Human Papillomavirus Vaccine, Low Back Pain Preventive Behaviors Among Nurses Based on the Health Belief Model Constructs. Rather, other factors, such as socio-demographic characteristics, diabetes knowledge, perception, psychosocial factors, patients’ factors, and cultural beliefs (Arndt et al., 2001; Williams, Whittle, & Gatrell, 2002), will have to be all present to activate the beliefs. Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website. The mean age support Nyenwe, Odia, Ihekwaba, Ojule, and Babatunde (2003), who state that diabetes is more frequently found in people aged 50 years and above in Nigeria. Besides, 34% were civil servants, 18% were self-employed, 14% were retirees, and 15% were not in any paid employment, whereas 12% were house wives. Besides, this report was limited to diabetes knowledge and health beliefs using HBM and so did not give room to examining cultural beliefs affecting diabetes management among the studied population. Regarding taking care of the feet, 32% did not know how to take care of their feet. A., Ogbu, O. O. Relative Influence of Diabetes Knowledge on Diabetes Management Status. In this study, diabetes knowledge was associated with management status. The study showed that, even though some respondents had high diabetes knowledge, some of them still had low management status. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Consensus among the health care providers in the communities attests to the low level of diabetes knowledge in the study communities they described the level of diabetes knowledge among the people as shallow. For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. (, Murata, G. H., Shah, J. H., Adam, K. D., Wendel, C. S., Bokhari, S. U., Solvas, P. A., Duckworth, W. C. (, Nejad, L. M., Wertheim, E. H., Greenwood, K. M. (, Nyenwe, E. A., Odia, O. J., Ihekwaba, A. E., Ojule, A., Babatunde, S. (, University of Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test . Table 3 reveals that 30 respondents, representing about 41% of those with low level of diabetes knowledge, had good diabetes management, whereas 50 respondents, representing about 64% of those with high level of diabetes knowledge, had good diabetes management status. Four items were used to measure perceived benefits of taking action by the respondents. The mean of the four items served as the measure of perceived benefits (M = 17.16, SD = 2.20). Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Frederick Fennell, Mercury Records, and the Eastma... An Empirical Revision of the Definition of Science Fiction: It Is All ... Social Concern, Government Regulation, and Industry Self-Regulation: A... Al-Deagi, F. A., McElnay, J. C., Scott, M. G. (, Arndt, V., Stürmer, T., Stegmaier, C., Ziegler, H., Dhom, G., Brenner, H. (, Arseneau, D. L., Mason, A. C., Wood, O. His area of specialization is medical sociology. How Can I Use the Health Belief Model in my Setting? Respondents’ Level of Diabetes Knowledge. So the generalization of these findings must be with caution. Nejad, Wertheim, and Greenwood (2005) found that the best predictors of weight loss were perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits, while perceived benefits of dieting and severity (a measure of how negatively weight gain is perceived) significantly predicted intention to diet. Table 4. Add this result to my export selection Determinants of antihypertensive adherence among patients in Beijing: application of the health belief model. Table 5 shows that 40% and 56% of those with low and high perception of susceptibility to diabetes complications had poor diabetes management status, respectively, compared with 60% and 44% of those with low and high perception of susceptibility to diabetes complications with good diabetes management. The fourth variable, barriers, refers to the perceived costs of adhering to the regimen. Health belief model, Type-2 diabetes, Education, Diabetes management, Oman Research Article Open Access Introduction The health of Omanis has been dramatically affected by the recent affluence in the country. Okafor and Ofoegbu (2012) observed suboptimal glycemic, blood pressure control and dyslipidemia and overweight among subjects studied. Hence, the hypothesis that stated that perceived susceptibility to complications of diabetes will motivate the individual to follow doctor’s recommendations was rejected. The instruments were in-depth interview guide and questionnaire, which was either self-administered or interview administered, depending on the literacy level of the respondent. The study was approved by the ethical committee of Kogi State Ministry of Health. Çô ! Higher scores indicated the ability of the patient to control his or her diabetes. These concepts were added to help the HBM fit better the challenges of changing habitual unhealthy behaviors, such as being sedentary, smoking, or overeating. An individual’s perception of diabetes complications will likely motivate him or her to adhere to medical prescriptions. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. The means of these ratings served as measures of perceived severity (M = 13.38, SD = 2.07). Objective While the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is growing, it is increasingly well recognized that treatment outcomes in primary care practice are often suboptimal. Distribution of Respondents by Diabetes Knowledge and Diabetes Management. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. However, it is hoped that the findings from this study will stimulate further studies on diabetes knowledge, health beliefs, and diabetes management in Nigeria, with particular focus on cultural beliefs in relation to diabetes health beliefs. This is evident as only perceived severity and perceived benefits had significant relationships with diabetes management. HtWKrä6Ýû]Y9UcHñ§eRYd/ ØcYRµÔ8ÇÈ~ j½è àSuyíöå×׿ The study only took a convenient sample from one ethnic group in an ethnically diverse region. The Igala are an ethnic group in Kogi east, Nigeria. The respondents rated four items acting as barriers to diabetes management status on a 5-point scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Our findings suggest that, for depressed individuals, one’s uncertainty regarding the condition and treatment drives each element of the health belief model. Percentage Distribution of Responses on Diabetes Knowledge Test. The second variable, severity, is the perception of diabetes as a serious illness, ranging from perceiving complications, such as blindness, to viewing diabetes as a life-threatening disease. The first variable, susceptibility, refers to the perception of vulnerability to diabetes and its complications. Also, 29% of them had no formal education, 23% had primary education, 18% secondary education, and 26% post-secondary education. The result further shows that there was an association between level of diabetes knowledge and diabetes management status (1, N = 152) = 8.456, p = .004. There are no data on the incidence and prevalence of diabetes among the Igala except the national prevalence rate of 3.9 %, as estimated by the International Diabetes Federation (2009) for Nigeria. The result shows that diabetes knowledge would significantly influence diabetes management (β = .262, t = 3.328, p = .001). For the illiterate respondents, the questionnaire was transcribed from English to the Igala language and back to English by experts in spoken and written Igala. Search results Jump to search results. (, Chinyere, H. N., Nandy, B., Nwankwo, B. O. This study was not an experimental design and was limited to self-report of the respondents. Hence, using HBM alone could be misleading and lead to wrong decisions and judgments. The respondents reported their belief of severity of their diabetes by rating how serious their diabetes will have bad effect on their future health (for instance, “my diabetes will cause me to be sick a lot”). Diabetes Care 1980 Sep; 3 … American Diabetes Association, the complications and cost acquired from diabetes can be dramatically reduce if patients are more aware of the potential risk and receive proper health prevention education. Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. Ayele, Tesfa, Abebe, Tilahun, and Girma (2012) also found that those respondents with high perceived severity of diabetes and less perceived barrier to self-care were more likely to take diabetes self-care. As the findings show, perceived severity and perceived benefits were significantly related to diabetes management. The prevalence rate in Nigeria varies from one location to another, for example, 0.65% in rural Mangu village to 11.0% in urban Lagos. male patient educated up to pdc suffering from diabetes for the last 10 years and the health promotion model. The analysis shows a significant relationship between perception of severity and diabetes management (1, N = 152) = 47.5555549, p = .000. This may be explained by the fact that not all the constructs of HBM will directly affect diabetes management. The bivariate analysis showed that 73% and 17% of those with low and high perception of severity had poor diabetes management status, respectively, whereas 27% and 83% of those with low and high perception of severity of diabetes, respectively, had good diabetes management status. About 57% knew how best to manage their feet, while 12% got it wrong on how to take care of the feet. The respondents’ mean age was 56. Similarly, only four components of the earlier version of HBM were used to measure health beliefs in this study, hence the need to expand the study and include the added components of the revised model. Find out about Lean Library here, If you have access to journal via a society or associations, read the instructions below. The Health Belief Model is one of the oldest models of behavior analysis that has been used in numerous studies of health behaviors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [13]. J5ÌÙ½³f¡þsôÇÈƹef8Ü%eÑ0ç¯p(ê©ùÒ=,¢|,è5MK59(áH2Ô$ãÑØRàÂ2Ï×÷ÇkÛÌÝÐ?%¶¾äQBèÛÓ0£¯².Êg These concepts were proposed to account for people’s “readiness to act.” An added concept, cues to action, would activate that readiness and stimulate overt behavior, while the concept of self-efficacy, or one’s confidence is the ability to successfully perform an action. FundingThe author(s) received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article. Diabetes is an illness, which refers to the pathogenetic equivalence of the complex interrelation of The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which treatment beliefs and health behaviors predict diabetes health outcome as measured by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, blood pressure, and lipid profile. Table 2 above shows that 49% of the participants had low diabetes knowledge, whereas 51% had high diabetes knowledge. 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