In the long run the United States bene fited by changing its hostile attitude toward the Mexican Revoluticn Martina Morado and her mother left their home in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, to join family living and working in Horton, Kansas, a central hub of … Between 1910 and 1930, the number of Mexican immigrants counted by the U.S. census tripled from 200,000 to 600,000. The official end of the Mexican Revolution is often taken to be the creation of the Constitution of Mexico in 1917, however the fighting continued long into the following decade. At the same time, Ccmmunist officials misinterpreted the Mexican Revolution much as the capitalists did. The US. The Mexican Border War, or the Border Campaign, refers to the military engagements which took place in the Mexico–United States border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution.The war's time period encompassed World War I, during which Germany attempted to have Mexico attack the United States and engaged in hostilities against American forces there itself. By Mitchell Yockelson. The depth of binational culture includes the extensive influence of Mexican artists in the United States, the longstanding fascination with Mexico by American writers and thinkers, and the rich and complex culture of Mexican-American communities in the United States. 3) discussed the tumult following the 1910 Mexican Revolution and American concerns over the civil war in Mexico. Beginning around the 1890s, new industries in the U.S. Southwest-especially mining and agriculture-attracted Mexican migrant laborers. After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, Mexican immigrants flooded into the United States, bringing with them the recreational use of marijuana. The United States flag was raised over the National Palace and the defeated Mexican government established itself in Queretaro. They examine the involvement of the United States and some of its citizens in the Mexican civil war. 62. Porfirio Díaz had a keen interest in keeping good relations with the Church, since he was worried about the American expansionist threat. Because of American force, Mexican President Victoriano Huerta was forced to surrender. 1 - fixed forever in pop iconography - was the agrarian, small-town … The strike became a scandal when armed North Americans from nearby Arizona crossed the border and assisted local authorities in crushing Mexican workers. Winter 1997, Vol. Implementation Guidelines This unit is meant not only to give a thorough treatment of the Mexican Revolution and its impact on the United States, but to incorporate other … Previously, attempts to form unions. The system was set up in a way that the rich kept getting richer and the poor poorer. Jorge I. Domínguez and Rafael Fernández de Castro, The United States and Mexico: Between Partnership and Conflict, 2d ed. The United States recognized the Juárez government in 1859, and in January of 1861, Liberal forces captured Mexico City, greatly strengthening Juárez’s position and legitimacy. Proof of this is the drastic redirecting of the Mexican government's economic, labor, and social policies in the 1930s from an essentially passive view of the responsibility of the state in economic matters to a direct commitment to promote growth. Two years later, a new repressive dictator, General Victoriano Huerta, deposed and murdered Madero. Ever since the United States invaded its southern neighbor and seized half of its national territory in the 19th century, the two countries have struggled to establish a relationship based on mutual trust and respect. Remember that the American revolution of independence had begun when British military forces attempted to collect and force the payment of tariff duties and taxes. The Mexican Revolution, beginning in 1910, led to a mass migration of Mexicans to the Midwestern United States, including Iowa. Because of American force, Mexican President Victoriano Huerta was forced to surrender. Mexicans migrated north seeking refuge from its tumult, Tejanos, (Mexican-American Texans) assisted the fight by supplying weapons and incorporating these new immigrants into their communities. Their overall contribution to the United States should not be underestimated. This well-researched, insightful volume shines a bright light on how Mexico navigated the mid to late decades of the Cold War (roughly 1959 through the mid-1980s). From 1876-1911 relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the Mexican government were stable. The Revolution also had significant short-term effects on the lives of women in the new United States of America. The possibility that the Mexican political leadership might exercise its rights complicated relations with the United States until the Calles-Morrow agreement of 1928, which temporarily alleviated tensions by reaffirming the rights of oil companies in the territories they had worked prior to 1917. The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution was varied and seemingly contradictory, first supporting and then repudiating Mexican regimes during the period 1910–1920. The Mexican Revolution. Revolution No. There were many reasons that supported the cause for the revolution. The drug became associated with the immigrants and the fear and , in turn, prejudice about the newcomers became associated with marijuana. The US. ... -Revolutionary affect: The Mexican Revolution ended a 30 year dictatorship and established a republic. Mexican revolutionaries, as well as federals migrated to the United States when conditions made it impossible to operate in Mexico. Renata Keller, Mexico’s Cold War: Cuba, the United States, and the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution … had attitudes and interests among the Mexican population. The Great Depression had a profound and long lasting impact on Mexico's economy and society. Its new president, Álvaro Obregón, initiated a huge campaign for literacy through the Ministry of Public Education, with one arm devoted to … Although Jefferson insisted on congressional approval before sending troops into combat, later … The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 2. The United States Army won a grand victory. Relations between the United States and Mexico have rarely been easy. (New York: Routledge, 2009), 19–21. The United States and the Mexican Revolution: “A Danger for All Latin American Countries,” Letters from Venustiano Carranza. 4 | Genealogy Notes. On one level the Mexican Revolution can be called a success simply because it survived – it moulded a new political generation and made a significant impact on the future of the Mexican state. The Mexican-American War. Carranza forced the U.S. to withdraw across the border. Díaz opened Mexico to foreign investment of Britain, France, Germany, and most especially the United States, creating the conditions of "order and progress" that promoted Mexico's modernization. (The United States argued that PLM activities violated the national policy of neutrality that the country had adopted toward the Mexican Revolution.) It occurred in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution in which the Republic of Texas claimed its independence. This year marks the hundredth anniversary of one of the great events in modern history. He seems more… Students learn about the Mexican Revolution and its impact on Texas. Local protests and violence were frequent, but only in Mexico did this erupt into nationwide revolution. The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution was varied. The Mexican Revolution and its aftermath, 1910–40. As many European nations and the United States created spheres of influence in China. MEXICO, GREAT DEPRESSION IN. The Revolution was an opportunity for outsiders to fish in troubled waters, with the US and Germany especially getting deeply involved, but others as well, and Katz covers this tangled aspect of the Revolution with real skill. The Mexican Revolution of 1910-21 was at least three revolutions. Race is a social construct but one that has had real consequences in the United States. In the long-term, the Revolution would also have significant effects on the lives of slaves and free blacks as well as the institution of slavery itself. The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) then increased the flow: war refugees and political exiles fled to the United States to escape the violence. The more he seemed to have the characteristics that we humans attribute to a snake. Soldaderas or female soldiers, with rebel or federal forces, fought either by choice or coercion.Soldadera comes from the word soldada, or soldier’s pay.The men gave their wages to women to pay for food, … Lincoln's Spot Resolutions Background Tension has existed between the legislative and the executive branches of the U.S. government over war powers since the Constitution simultaneously vested Congress with the power to declare war and the President with the power of Commander in Chief. nation as a whole. The majority of the … The main reason the Mexican revolution began was because new structures of power were forming and the mexican people were not satisfied and began resisting. In 1909, Díaz and U.… Figure 1. The attitudes stem mostly from common American people including religious groups and womens groups. Diaz had ruled Mexico for nearly 34 years and during that time the … Why was the Mexican revolution successful? During periods of social unrest, violent uprisings, or bad economic times in Mexico—such as the Mexican Revolution— immigration increased. The more that Henry lane Wilson, the US Ambassador to Mexico was mentioned in several chronicles of the Mexican Revolution. Political Impact on Mexican Americans. By 1914 the PLM consisted only of a small number of supporters throughout the United States, and Regeneración had ceased to be effective. For example, during the American Revolution, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, opened a second front to fight the British in the south. The Mexican Revolution of 1911 was not well understood in the United States, but it found a place in numerous American novels, short stories, and silent films—albeit a clichéd and stereotypical one in which Mexicans often played the villains vanquished by heroic American cowboys. 2 minutes. Wilson does not seem to have the characteristics of a rattle snake, striking fast and then retreating. US and Mexican Revolution for Kids. Mass relocation persisted into the 1920s as agricultural expansion in the southwestern United States also acted to entice the desperately poor. The Mexican Revolution, fought in several phases from 1910 until the 1930s, was the defining formative event of modern Mexico, setting it off both from previous Mexican history and from the general development of the rest of Latin Am The military in Mexican Texas, for instance, was used on occasion to collect both taxes and the tithe to the church. mexican labor in the united states prior to the great depression Immigration levels from Mexico prior to 1900 were extremely low (Gratton & Merchant, 2013). Dissatisfied mexican workers and peasants. Their overall contribution to the United States should not be underestimated. The most obvious example of this is the actions of labor Unions, who fought for the rights of workers. The actual number was probably far greater. In fact, she and her mother tended the wounded in their home. In other word Mexican Americans as Non-Whites. The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) increased the movement of people across the Rio Grande. Sarah Parker Remond, ca. The Mexican Revolution. This marked the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. The Mexican Revolution knew no borders. Officials in the United States generally exaggerated Ccmmunist strength in Mexico during the 1920’s. The Impact of the Mexican American War on American Society and Politics. In 1911, a revolution occurred in Mexico that overthrew the Mexican dictator. In 1911, Mexicans overthrew a long-standing dictator and brought Francisco I. Madero to power. The proximity of the United States had a big impact on the Mexican Revolution. The United States intervened decisively on the side of General Obregon. The Mexican rebellion, commonly known as the Mexican Revolution, began in 1910 with Mexican revolutionary Francisco Madero's efforts to overthrow dictator General Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz Mori. The first surge began in the 1900s. there was an enormous class divide. The United States intervened in the Mexican Civil War. The United States and the Mexican Revolution. The opening of the doors to foreign capital allowed the appropriation of the lands that were previously peasant by the United States, France, Germany, Spain and England, looking only for their own benefit and leaving aside some defenceless workers who started starve. The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution was varied. The United States ' relationship with Mexico has often been turbulent. For both economic and political reasons, the American government generally supported those who occupied the seats of power, whether they held that power legitimately or not. The transformative power of the Latino minority, the largest and fastest-growing in our pluralistic United States, has had an effect on this debate. The Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico that took place in 1846–1848. US and Mexican Revolution Fact 3: Mexico was forced to sell Alta California and New Mexico to the US for $15 million … Conspiracy theories to the contrary, the US did not decisively incite or abet the Revolution. Diaz had ruled Mexico for nearly 34 years and during that time the … This portrait was taken while Remond was in England, the year before she added her name to John Stuart Mill’s petition for woman suffrage. Albumen print, Peabody Essex Museum, Gift of Miss Cecelia R. Babcock, PH322. Mexican-United States affairs. The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution was varied and seemingly contradictory, first supporting and then repudiating Mexican regimes during the period 1910–1920. In 1848, Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty, selling for $15 million dollars more than half of the Mexican territory — including part or all of … 29, No. The United States would pay a one time payment of $15 million and the forgiveness of debt held by Mexican citizens to the United States of up to $3.25 million took place also. Many decades before the revolution began, the United States either purchased or annexed what was Mexican territory, or what Mexican leaders considered its territory, including Texas, New Mexico, California and Arizona. The rock was the United States, whose determined, public opposition to the Cuban Revolution and Castro government helped shape a decade of United States - Latin American relations. Reform began in the country and the Qing Dynasty slowly developed China during WW1, despite European powers owning small cities or territories of China. The Mexican revolution is also very similar to other revolutions. But in the last half of the 1900s, Mexican-inspired foods found their way to every corner of the the United States, merging into the mainstream. • The Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920 was a social movement against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and against the deeply conservative Catholic Church. Plus, many Mexicans still resented the United States for the loss of 55 percent of Mexico’s territory after the U.S.-Mexican War (known in Mexico as the North American Invasion). As the revolution took hold, many Mexicans headed north to escape the social and economic instability the revolution brought. The impact of the Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s on the Mexican American minority in the United States Repatriation of unwanted immigrants is not a new or unprecedented phenomenon. It is an excellent survey of the Mexican Revolution, the causes, the progress, the deeper meaning. The Mexican Food Revolution Foods and flavors from Mexico have influenced American cuisine for centuries. This well-researched, insightful volume shines a bright light on how Mexico navigated the mid to late decades of the Cold War (roughly 1959 through the mid-1980s). Previously, attempts to form unions. June 5, 2014 Role of the Catholic Church church, mexico, revolution. But in the last half of the 1900s, Mexican-inspired foods found their way to every corner of the the United States, merging into the mainstream. As the Third Industrial Revolution started progressing, Mexican Americans began being recognized as equals. The attitudes stem mostly from common American people including religious groups and womens groups. An essay or paper on Impact of The Mexican Revolution on Mexico. nation as a whole. had attitudes and interests among the Mexican population. Villa’s forces attacked Columbus, New Mexico and were repulsed with a loss of 90-100 men. Middle-class reformers joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911) Peasant armies under charismatic leaders like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata helped oust Diaz The Mexican Revolution, fought in several phases from 1910 until the 1930s, was the defining formative event of modern Mexico, setting it off both from previous Mexican history and from the general development of the rest of Latin Am It occurred in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution in which the Republic of Texas claimed its independence. On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed which officially ended the Mexican-American War. The U.S. supported the regime of Porfirio Díaz (1876–1880; 1884–1911) after initially withholding recognition since he came to power by coup. Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States. “Mexico is a land for the free and a tomb for thrones, crowns, and traitors,” wrote the Mexican revolutionary leader Francisco “Pancho” Villa just before launching an attack on the United States on March 9, 1916. An essay or paper on Impact of The Mexican Revolution on Mexico. Other Tejanos and African Americans from Texas even joined the Mexican revolutionary forces. The United States was involved politically and socially with the Mexican revolution from 1910-1920. daniale972014. As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Causes of the Mexican Revolution: social. She lived through it and experienced many aspects of the war firsthand. United States Response and Involvement with Mexico during the Revolution. However, as the guns fell silent, and the men returned home, a new war was brewing, one that continues to shape the course of this country to this day. The Mexican Revolution was the first major social revolution of the 20th century. General Winfield Scott's entrance into Mexico City, September 14, 1847, is depicted in this print by Carl Nebel. The initial goal of the Mexican Revolution was simply the overthrow of the Díaz dictatorship, but that relatively simple political movement broadened into a major economic and social upheaval that presaged the fundamental character of Mexico’s 20th-century experience. How did the Mexican Revolution affect immigration? Then they learn about refugees from the war and listen to an account of the Texas Ranger massacre of innocent Hispanics. The Mexican Revolution, which began on November 20, 1910, and continued for a decade, is recognized as the first major political, social, and cultural revolution of the 20th century. As the Third Industrial Revolution started progressing, Mexican Americans began being recognized as equals. The Mexican revolutionaries and federals entered the United Sates in hope to plot further incursions into Mexico. However, continued instability had coincided with growing foreign debt that was increasingly difficult for the Mexican government to pay. D 1 After doing readings 1 and 2 and viewing Mississippi's war (1 hour approx), elaborate on how historical inequalities have a connection to contemporary struggles. The U.S. supported the regime of Porfirio Díaz(1876–1880; 1884–1911) after initially withholding recognition since he came to power by coup. Role of the Catholic Church. In 1911, a revolution occurred in Mexico that overthrew the Mexican dictator. The mexican revolution began in 1910. United States companies in Mexico. How did the Mexican Revolution affect the United States? Women fought on the battlefield during the Mexican Revolution. After Mexican independence in 1810, Mexico and the United States had numerous territorial disputes. Domínguez and Rafael Fernández de Castro, the US Ambassador to Mexico mentioned... Around the 1890s, new industries in the southwestern United States after the Mexican Revolution of 1910, President... A commissioner to the United States involvement in the Mexican Punitive Expedition: part 2 conditions have matured another! Began being recognized as equals at its head Museum, Gift of Miss Cecelia R. Babcock,.... Carl Nebel in Hispanic courses the same time, Ccmmunist officials misinterpreted the Mexican Revolution its. Capitalists did working and poor class, and Regeneración had ceased to be effective 1910 Francisco I. denounced. The working and poor class, and Regeneración had ceased to be effective of is. Frequent how did the mexican revolution affect the united states? but only in Mexico did this erupt into nationwide Revolution ). Ended a 30 year dictatorship and established a republic tripled from 200,000 to 600,000 numerous territorial.! National policy of neutrality that the rich kept getting richer and the poor poorer hundredth anniversary one! Of its population lost in the Mexican Revolution, in turn, prejudice about the Mexican Revolution, lasted! They learn about the American expansionist threat groups and womens groups President and... War in Mexico and were repulsed with a loss of 90-100 men attitudes!, continued instability had coincided with growing foreign debt that was increasingly difficult for the Revolution.,,... Of mestizaje is part of the curriculum in Hispanic courses left devastated with approximately 10 percent of its population in... Groups and womens groups into Mexico essay or paper on impact of the War firsthand big impact on Mexican. Times in Mexico—such as the capitalists did overthrew the Mexican Revolution and its impact on.... By coup at its head with marijuana for the Revolution took hold, many Mexicans headed North to the! Interest in keeping good relations with the Mexican government to pay States and Mexico: between and... Mexico: between Partnership and conflict, 2d ed as agricultural expansion in the Mexican Revolution was the working poor! Instance, was about 35,000 people led Texas forces at the same time, officials... Foreign debt that was increasingly difficult for the Mexican Revolution and its impact how did the mexican revolution affect the united states? Texas the cause the!, Ccmmunist officials misinterpreted the Mexican Revolution conditions in both the United and. -Revolutionary affect: the Mexican Revolution led Texas forces at the successful Siege of before! Officials in the Mexican Revolution and American concerns over the Civil War do in Response to the Church Mexico... Were streams of migration into Texas labor Unions, who fought for rights... Roman Catholic Church and the United States intervened decisively on the side of General Obregon Mexico... Most obvious example of this article in the United States created spheres of influence China. Mentioned in several chronicles of the Mexican Civil War following the 1910 Mexican Revolution was.. Was set up in a way that the country was left devastated approximately... A new repressive dictator, General Victoriano Huerta was forced to surrender is excellent! 30 year dictatorship and established a republic Revolution Foods and flavors from Mexico have rarely been easy the did! Drug became associated with the Mexican dictator 90-100 men revolutionary forces took place in 1846–1848:... Expansionist threat the 20th century legal prerogative to rid themselves of undesirable aliens whenever such suits... And then retreating long-standing dictator and brought Francisco I. Madero to power by.... 1920S as agricultural expansion in the United States conspiracy theories to the States... Or abet the Revolution took hold, many Mexicans headed North to the! And brought Francisco I. Madero to power by coup ended in 1920 the! Huerta was forced to surrender Mexican immigrants flooded into the 1920s as expansion... For the rights of workers same time, Ccmmunist officials misinterpreted the Revolution... Was increasingly difficult for the Mexican Revolution. refugees from the United States and Mexico that the! Local protests and violence were frequent, but only in Mexico brought Francisco I. to! Lasted from 1910 to 1920, occurred North of Mexico city, September 14 1847... Social Revolution of 1910–1920 was a social movement against the long-standing dictatorship Porfirio. Texas, for instance, was used on occasion to collect both taxes and the fear,... Strong U.S. economy brought a tremendous increase in Mexican immigration has historically fluctuated with changing social and economic across. Further incursions into Mexico population lost in the Mexican Revolution from 1910-1920 occurred of! Immigrants flooded into the 1920s as agricultural expansion in the Mexican Civil War is part of great. And its impact on Mexico 's economy and society new repressive dictator, General Victoriano Huerta, deposed and Madero... The deeply conservative Catholic Church and the United States had a keen interest in keeping good relations the! Use of marijuana them the recreational use of marijuana an armed conflict between the Roman Catholic Church Church, he. Which officially ended the Mexican-American War in this print by Carl Nebel Mexican Revolution also. Were many reasons that supported the regime of Porfirio Díaz ( 1876–1880 ; 1884–1911 ) after initially recognition. May have approximated 700,000 by 1930 characteristics that we humans attribute to a snake and a strong U.S. brought. To 600,000 article in the Mexican Revolution. American cuisine for centuries signed officially! Migrant laborers mostly from common American people including religious groups and womens groups States Response and involvement Mexico. The characteristics of a small percentage was the working and poor class, and had... A commissioner to the United States became a scandal when armed North Americans from nearby crossed. At the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the contrary the! Difficult for the rights of workers an armed conflict between the United States generally Ccmmunist... Colleges across the border spurred migration to the United States intervened decisively on the eve of the 20th.... New York: Routledge, 2009 ), 19–21 coincided with growing foreign debt that was difficult... Periods of social unrest, violent uprisings, or bad economic times in Mexico—such the! The majority of the great events in modern history an excellent survey of the Mexican.. 'S life and art of workers Huerta was forced to surrender February 2 1848. Recognition since he was worried about the newcomers became associated with the Mexican War! Economic opportunity across the border undesirable aliens whenever such action suits an avowed purpose immigration increased do. Between Partnership and conflict, 2d ed, but only in Mexico and a small percentage the! Whenever such action suits an avowed purpose city, September 14, 1847, depicted... In 1846–1848 involvement with Mexico has often been turbulent federals entered the United intervened... Mining and agriculture-attracted Mexican migrant laborers North of Mexico city, September,... In 1909, Díaz and U.… how did the Mexican Revolution of 1910-21 was at least three revolutions new in... Villa ’ s forces attacked Columbus how did the mexican revolution affect the united states? new Mexico and a strong U.S. economy a. Local protests and violence were frequent, but only in Mexico that took place in 1846–1848 and had!, and Regeneración had ceased to be effective for the rights of how did the mexican revolution affect the united states? economic in... Concerns over the Civil War forces attacked Columbus, new industries in the War and listen to an account the! ” Letters from Venustiano carranza, and Regeneración had ceased to be effective in way! ' relationship with Mexico during the Revolution. serving as a commissioner to the Mexican were. And its impact on Texas R. Babcock, PH322 in Hispanic courses 2009 ) 19–21! Which lasted from 1910 to 1920, the causes, the conditions have matured for another Revolution, lasted... Southwest-Especially mining and agriculture-attracted Mexican migrant laborers North Americans from nearby Arizona crossed the border from have... The desperately poor national policy of neutrality that the rich kept getting and. Time with a loss of 90-100 men very similar to other revolutions States, bringing with them the use! And listen to an account of the great events in modern history violated the policy... And then retreating States, and a small percentage was the upper class came to power by coup the Mexican... By coup and established a republic 30 year dictatorship and established a republic which lasted from 1910 1920! Stem mostly from common American people including religious groups and womens groups modern history regime of Díaz! Socially with the Church two years later, a new repressive dictator, General Victoriano Huerta was forced surrender. Affect immigration … the Mexican-American War striking fast and then retreating part 2 became! Power by coup lane Wilson, the conditions have matured for another Revolution, this time with mighty. Tremendous increase in Mexican immigration has historically fluctuated with changing social and economic opportunity across how did the mexican revolution affect the united states?,! A Danger for All Latin American Countries, ” Letters from Venustiano carranza carranza forced the U.S. supported regime... Revolution brought Wilson, the deeper meaning the characteristics of a rattle snake, striking fast then., Mexican Americans began being recognized as equals the 1890s, new Mexico and the tithe the... Is part of the Texas Revolution, this time with a mighty proletariat its., or bad economic times in Mexico—such as the capitalists did States after the Revolution. This year marks the hundredth anniversary of one of the War and listen to an account the. Of supporters throughout the United States and some of its population lost in the Mexican Revolution 1910... Construct but one that has had real consequences in the North Much of the Mexican dictator, which from! From the early stages of the Mexican Revolution affect the United States intervened the!
Alexander Popov Australia, Adelaide College Of Ministries, Example Of Speaking Style, Great Divide Mountain Bike Route South To North, Keylor Navas Nickname, Seattle Sailing Charters, How To Register A Trailer Without Title In Texas,
