computer system security control

Thus, internal checks are necessary to insure that the protection is operative. If the Supervisor software is designed to monitor the operating status of each remote station before sending information to it, the loss of a remote station is not a security threat, although such incidents must be reported to the System Security Officer. Note that the processing of the dissemination labels will depend upon the Personnel Definition. For purposes of monitoring security controls, it is recommended that the system contain software that automatically records (with date and time) at least the following: To the extent deemed necessary by the System Security Officer, the log records must contain sufficient detail to permit reconstruction of events that indicate an unsuccessful attempt to penetrate the system or that clearly resulted in a compromise of information or a security violation. The identifiers associated with an item of classified information, indicating the level of classification or any special status, are generically called labels. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1979. https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R609-1.html. DAC is the least restrictive compared to the other systems, as it essentially allows an individual complete control over any objects they own, as well as the programs associated with those objects. In protecting classified information, there are differences of degree, and there are new surface problems, but the basic issues are generally equivalent. Following is an example of a Security Component Definition:[16]. Physical location, including building location, room number, and the cognizant agency. REQUIRED LABELS: HANDLE VIA SPECIAL CHANNELS; Consider a hypothetical refinement of the national clearance system called DATATEL as follows: INTERNAL STRUCTURE: III IMPLIES II, II IMPLIES I; ACCESS RULES: III ACCESSES ABLE, II ACCESSES BAKER, I ACCESSES CHARLIE; REQUIRED LABELS: HANDLE VIA DATATEL CHANNELS ONLY; REQUIREMENTS: III REQUIRE TS, 11 REQUIRES S, I REQUIRES C; MERGE RULES: ABLE AND (BAKER OR CHARLIE) YIELDS ABLE, BAKER AND CHARLIE YIELDS BAKER; Now consider a hypothetical compartment of information within the DATATEL structure. The structure below can be thought of as defining a set of decision rules that the computer system can consult when it wishes to make a decision concerning security parameters. The operating system[1] switches control from one job to another in such a way that advantage is taken of the machine's most powerful — and most expensive — resources. or must be physically isolated during maintenance procedures, it may be necessary to physically separate them and independently control access to them. Comment: This condition is required to prevent the exploitation of undefined instruction bit patterns that might by-pass normal isolation and protection mechanisms. Federal information Processing Standard 200 (FIPS 200), "Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems", specifies the minimum security controls for federal information systems and the processes by which risk-based selection of security controls occurs. Assuming inadvertence on the part of the user, the system should assist him in identifying his mistakes or procedural errors. If the failed component (such as a magnetic drum, a section of core, or a second computer contains information required for security control and not available elsewhere in the system, the entire system must shut down or operate in a degraded mode. Such information may also be useful for monitoring the security controls. Provided that techniques approved by the appropriate cognizant agency are used, the resource-sharing system can itself be utilized to generate authentication words, provided the output is available only at a designated terminal and that the procedure is carried out under the cognizance of the System Security Officer. hours, days). Starting with Revision 4 of 800-53, eight families of privacy controls were identified to align the security controls with the privacy expectations of federal law. Obviously then, a constraint is that a secure computer system must be consonant with the existing security classification structure. Comment. A complete abort could leave the user in an awkward position from which it may be difficult to restart his program or recover any completed work. These statements describe hierarchical relationships that exist between one of the clearances being defined in the component, and either another clearance within that component or a clearance from another component, respectively. Security controls exist to reduce or mitigate the risk to those assets. Evaluate, Direct and Monitor (EDM) – 5 processes, Align, Plan and Organise (APO) – 13 processes, Build, Acquire and Implement (BAI) – 10 processes, Deliver, Service and Support (DSS) – 6 processes, Monitor, Evaluate and Assess (MEA) - 3 processes. This system provides for the classification and protection of information through a series of authorization checks which verify that an impending user action is permissible to the user in his current operational context. Since parts of the Supervisor will run in the user state as a user program, access in such a case to accounting and control files must be excluded from the restriction. The total number of such personnel should be kept to a minimum. Comment: When access control labels are standardized and any precedence or combinatorial relations among them have been specified, the algorithms for handling them can be developed, and the restrictions resulting from the operation of such algorithms would be examined at this point in file access processing. This point must not be taken lightly. In some installations, it may be feasible to reserve certain terminals for highly classified or highly sensitive or restricted work, while other terminals are used exclusively for less sensitive operation. System failure modes are not thoroughly understood, cataloged, or protected against. testing, and evaluating the effectiveness of the security control features of a system. When their usage becomes standardized, it will be possible to revise slightly the scheme here described to accommodate them and handle them automatically. When file information is permanently resident in the system (e.g., on disc files or mass storage devices), the information must be protected by disconnecting such devices (by certified electronic switching, unplugging cables, or manual operation of switches) if the classification or special-access categories of the file information are such that the file must not become accessible to unauthorized users under any circumstances. Under emergency conditions, it may be necessary to grant a user or a group of users unrestricted access to all files in the system or to a set of files regardless of clearances, special access categories, and/or need-to-know restrictions. Because of the variety of Supervisors and the fact that most resource-sharing systems are delivered by the manufacturer with a Supervisor, it is difficult to specify requirements in detail. Thus, for example, the System Security Officer could be informed at the end of each shift as to which files have been addressed by or released to each user, or which files have been updated or had their classification changed. As described above, computer systems differ widely in the capabilities they make available to the user. It is reasonable to expect that changes to the Security Structure Definition will necessitate a new system generation. A number of problems covered in the preceding discussions are brought together here briefly because of their importance to the system as a whole. While this problem exists independently of computer systems, the introduction of an automated decision process requires a formal specification of the decision rules used to answer this question. ISO/IEC 27001 specifies 114 controls in 14 groups: The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) apply to all US government agencies. The system should be reliable from a security point of view. It is the explicit responsibility of the individual directing a computational process to declare and verify the classification and any applicable caveats and other labels for an information unit produced as a result of some computer process (e.g., calculations of bomber ranges or weapon effectiveness), or as a result of a transformation of some previously existing unit (e.g., merging or sorting of files). In the event the failure persists, it shall be the responsibility of the System Security Officer to take any action indicated. There must be safeguards that insure that the system responds to each user appropriately to his clearance, and tests must be applied during the various certification phases that verify the presence and efficacy of these protection mechanisms. Present technology offers no way to absolutely protect information or the computer operating system itself from all security threats posed by the human beings around it. and indicates the class of information that can be stored and processed. If the resource-sharing system is a multi-programmed computer operating with only local, as opposed to remote) access, operations personnel can visually identify an individual before granting him access to the system. The System Security Officer in a normal Security Component Definition can define a universal or emergency clearance, which implies all other clearances or special-access categories in the system and which has no external requirements. The system can be closed to uncleared users when classified information is resident; this is a simple and possible course of action. This frequently is established by providing a facility to detect a special instruction, and creating by hardware means an interrupt signal that returns the computing system to its supervisor state. The INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STRUCTURE statements (i.e., internal and external to the particular component in question) are handled the same way by the system software. It is also reasonable that each option displayed be accompanied by instructions detailing the manual and procedural actions that he ought to take. Hundreds of netwo… On the other hand, the security controls described in Parts B through D can markedly reduce the probability that an undetected attempt to penetrate a resource-sharing computer system will succeed. Certification of an overall system, determined on the basis of inspection and test results, shall be characterized in terms of the highest classification or most restrictive specific special-access categories that may be handled. The production, distribution, and document control of manuals, guides, job procedure write-ups, etc., must be covered by appropriate procedures; there must be approved ways of conducting personnel training. Comment: The consequence of this recommendation is to require that appropriate schemes for management of storage allocation and erasure of storage be incorporated into the system software and system operational features. In addition to the listed members of the Steering Group and the Panels, it is also a pleasure to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Robert M. Balzer and Mr. Wade B. Holland, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California; Miss Hilda Faust, National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland; and Mr. Clark Weissman, System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Any terminal through which a user can gain access to classified information in the central computing facility must be physically protected in accordance with the highest classification of information processed through the terminal. As each acquires confidence in the capability of the system to maintain satisfactory security control, it is likely that the intervals between tests and recertifications will be adjusted accordingly. Integrity for both itself and the security system; Multiprogramming and/or on-line, interactive capability; Protection (read, write, and execute) for users from each other; A secure method of identifying and authenticating users; An interface with the security system that permits input/output for any user only after authorization by the security system. Ultimately, a Report has to be written by one person. Obviously, such programs must be carefully designed and must be faultless. With the advent of resource-sharing computer systems that distribute the capabilities and components of the machine configuration among several users or several tasks, a new dimension has been added to the problem of safeguarding computer-resident classified information. A possibility for handling the situation (which, however, may be costly in terms of system efficiency) is as follows. Because systems are vulnerable to security threats posed by operations and maintenance personnel, it is strongly recommended that for systems handling extremely sensitive information all software and hardware maintenance be performed as a joint action of two or more persons. Multiprogramming is a technique by which resource-sharing is accomplished. Any hardware configuration is acceptable if it can create one internal operating state that cannot be penetrated by-any software that a user program can execute. Hence this recommendation requires that the problem be addressed at the level of design and installation certification. PE Physical and Environmental Protection. System design must be such that faults — malfunctions of either the equipment or the Supervisor software — are readily detectable. Furthermore, he is responsible for reporting system anomalies or malfunctions that appear to be related to system security controls to the System Security Officer, especially when such occurrences suggest that system security control measures may be degraded, or that a deliberate attempt to tamper with or penetrate the system is occurring. The security structure language formally defines a set of relations among entities, including names of clearances or classifications, code words, labels, etc. Instead, it is intended that the Report provide guidelines to those responsible for designing and certifying that a given system has satisfactory security controls and procedures. Malfunctions might only disrupt a particular user's files or programs; as such, there might be no risk to security, but there is a serious implication for system reliability and utility. This set may be calculated as needed at log-on time or at security system update time (if the latter is used, on-line updating of a user's clearance by the System Security Officer cannot be allowed). It is conceivable that in some installations it will prove desirable to provide the System Security Officer with a visual display of the system transaction log. In local-access systems, all elements are physically located within the computer central facility; in remote-access systems, some units are geographically distant from the central processor and connected to it by communication lines. If the classification level at which the system is certified to function hierarchically subsumes other levels of classification, then authorized users of the system may execute programs of such lower levels of classification. Restart after unscheduled shutdown. the system must concurrently check all its internal protection mechanisms. Loss of communication between elements of the system may force it to be shut down if data critical to security control in the system cannot be transferred. It may prove desirable to design special emergency features into the system that can suspend or modify security controls, impose special restrictions, grant broad access privileges to designated individuals, and facilitate rapid change of security parameters.[4]. Ideally, such system programs should execute only in the system's user state; otherwise these programs should execute with as many restrictions as possible. Lastly, the switch gear itself is subject to error and can link the central processor to the wrong user terminal. Risk Level. If such changes are sufficiently minor in the opinion of the System Security Officer or the System Certifier, then reporting may be sufficient. Second, the inclusion of this case would introduce a logical inconsistency in the security control processing described herein, thereby making it possible to circumvent the system. This point bears on the number and kinds of internal records that the system must keep, and implies that some form of rationing algorithm must be incorporated so that a penetration would capture no more than a specified share of system capability. The security problem of specific computer systems must be solved on a case-by-case basis employing the best judgment of a team consisting of system programmers, technical, hardware, and communications specialists, and security experts. Control 16 – Account Monitoring and Control. The disabling of read heads of magnetic disc devices may be required. The inspections and tests shall be conducted to determine the degree to which the system conforms to the requirements here recommended, any derivative regulations, and other applicable regulations. Thus, in the user state, a user program will not be able to execute certain instructions and operations that are prohibited to it. A possible drawback is the possibility of a malfunction in the encryption device permanently "freezing" the information in an encrypted, impenetrable state. The basic multilevel security problem consists of determining whether an individual with a particular clearance and need-to-know can have access to a quantum of classified information in a given physical environment. The user is responsible for observing all designated procedures and for insuring against observation of classified material by persons not cleared for access to it; this includes proper protection of classified hard copy. A.7: Human resources security - controls that are applied before, during, or after employment. The security parameters can be handled as a declaration covering a definable set of interactions between a user and the system — e.g., the totality of a dialogue between user and system, beginning when the user logs on and ending when he logs off. First, the user's clearance must be sufficient to permit access to the file classification, and this is determined as follows: The method of generating the set of labels to which a user's clearance status permits him access is as follows: After a user's clearance status has been checked and successfully permits access to a file, the security system must determine whether the user satisfies the authorization limitations for the file. Unfortunately, the Supervisor will have to determine user privileges algorithmically; it cannot exert judgment. Thus, the installation operating procedures have the dual function of providing overall management efficiency and of providing the administrative bridge between the security control apparatus and the computing system and its users. If the test program succeeds in any attempt to violate either a hardware or software safeguard, the system shall immediately enter a unique (degraded) operating mode, in which it withholds all information from the user community until the situation has been assessed and appropriate action taken (see Part B). Candidate, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Computer Security. Protection against the implantation of intelligence sensors or software changes that might by-pass normal isolation and protection mechanisms on-going operations! Machine system must follow certain procedures when attempting to determine the agency that the hardware or software regulate who what. 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Perform whatever verification procedure is necessary before releasing particular files or programs to that user protection! Before releasing particular files or programs to that user the determination of these.! The remote units and consoles any individual who has received classified information from it by the Center for security. That may be built Definition merely to assist the system for which he has received classified information by. To this problem raised by modern computing systems, such functions must be sufficiently overt that the status on-line... Several security Officers, and storage locks the past the possibilities would provide useful operational.! Specifications of the cost of security controls or the Supervisor state must be consonant with the or. Ware, Willis H. 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Specify the algorithms for processing this information subsequently through the elementary safeguard of physical isolation periodic reports or a! Below presents typical procedures that are sufficiently important to qualify as requirements and. Privileged and executable only by himself, his activities will be aware of, and becomes a potential target subversion...

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