In sterling silver alloys, for instance, it reduces firescale, increases tarnish resistance, and improves precipitation hardening. It is a hard, grayish-white element; it has a metallic luster and the same crystal structure as diamond; and it is brittle, like glass.In addition, it is important to note that germanium is a semiconductor, with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. [30] The dioxide, GeO2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS2), and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. Certain present-day plants are known to concentrate germanium. This germaniu… [6] Because of its position in his periodic table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon (Es), and he estimated its atomic weight to be 70 (later 72). It is reduced to the element by reacting it with hydrogen, producing germanium suitable for infrared optics and semiconductor production: The germanium for steel production and other industrial processes is normally reduced using carbon:[66], The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be: 35% for fiber-optics, 30% infrared optics, 15% polymerization catalysts, and 15% electronics and solar electric applications. [49], At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. [23], Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. Many germanium reactive intermediates are known: germyl free radicals, germylenes (similar to carbenes), and germynes (similar to carbynes). An X-ray photon absorbed by the material excites a number of electrons from its valence band to the conduction band. Other names germanium(II) selenide. [35] GeS2 forms as a white precipitate when hydrogen sulfide is passed through strongly acid solutions containing Ge(IV). Finally, in one person, all symptoms of a particular type of lung cancer went away after taking germanium sesquioxide, another form of germanium, by mouth. However, synthetic soluble germanium salts are nephrotoxic, and synthetic chemically reactive germanium compounds with halogens and hydrogen are irritants and toxins. Germanium oxide has a high index of refraction and dispersion. [83], Germanium is emerging as an important material for spintronics and spin-based quantum computing applications. The deposits in China are located mainly in the lignite mines near Lincang, Yunnan; coal is also mined near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia.[53]. Its atomic number is 32. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Substance identity Substance identity. Germanates, formed by heating the dioxide with basic oxides, include zinc germanate (Zn2GeO4), used as a phosphor (a substance that emits light when energized by radiation). 12049114; CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID601014315; Properties Chemical formula. − [35] The germanes are less volatile and less reactive than their corresponding silicon analogues. Germanium-based … [35] The germanium hydrohalides with one, two and three halogen atoms are colorless reactive liquids. On a weight basis, germanium is a scarce but not an extremely rare (about 1.5 parts per million) element in the crust of the Earth, equaling in abundance beryllium, molybdenum, and cesium and exceeding the elements arsenic, cadmium, antimony, and mercury. In refining germanium, the low-grade residues obtained from its ores are treated with strong hydrochloric acid, and the resulting germanium tetrachloride is distilled, purified by repeated redistillation, and hydrolyzed to form germanium dioxide, which is then reduced by hydrogen to a powdery form of the metal that is melted at a temperature of about 1,100° C (2,000° F [in an inert atmosphere]) and cast into ingots or billets. Organic germanium is a man-made blend of germanium, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. A tarnish-proof silver alloy trademarked Argentium contains 1.2% germanium. Germanium comes in two forms: organic and inorganic. Polygermanes—compounds that are similar to alkanes—with formula GenH2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known. Organic germanium hydrides such as isobutylgermane ((CH3)2CHCH2GeH3) were found to be less hazardous and may be used as a liquid substitute for toxic germane gas in semiconductor applications. Other names: Germanium dioxide: 1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use. Germanium is not thought to be an essential element for any living organism. The ore concentrates are mostly sulfidic; they are converted to the oxides by heating under air in a process known as roasting: Some of the germanium is left in the dust produced, while the rest is converted to germanates, which are then leached (together with zinc) from the cinder by sulfuric acid. Germanium tetrachloride Tetrachlorogermane Tetrachloridogermanium. [26] Germanium transistors are still used in some effects pedals by musicians who wish to reproduce the distinctive tonal character of the "fuzz"-tone from the early rock and roll era, most notably the Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face. Other early research suggests that taking propagermanium, another form of germanium, by mouth for 1-7 months might benefit people with multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. [65] Russia's deposits are located in the far east of Sakhalin Island, and northeast of Vladivostok. The cosmic abundance is much less than those of a number of the heavier elements; e.g., bromine, strontium, tin, barium, mercury, and lead. [30], Germanium is a semiconductor. OXY-Germanium 10 g (10,000 mg) Alternative Title: Ge. Germanium. These are then transformed into semiconductors by being doped (infused) with electron donor or acceptor atoms, either by incorporating the impurities in the melt during growth of the crystal or by diffusing the impurities into the crystal after it has been formed. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Pure germanium suffers from the forming of whiskers by spontaneous screw dislocations. What other names is Germanium known by? On the other hand, germanium has a small band gap energy (E gap = 0.67 eV), which requires to operate the detector at cryogenic temperatures. [25] From 1950 through the early 1970s, this area provided an increasing market for germanium, but then high-purity silicon began replacing germanium in transistors, diodes, and rectifiers. [74] The Mars Exploration Rovers and several satellites use triple junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells. The properties of Si-SiGe junctions can be electrodeposited from many solutions and melts of its compounds is poorly.... ) chloride germanium is a semiconductor in transistors miniaturized chips many centimetres.… and whether... Health on exposure use triple junction gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) in wireless communications devices... would probably smell lot! 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